Epidemiology Essay

The increasing ease of access to computers, computer games, the internet, and social acceptance of extended leisure time have seemingly caused the incidence teenage obesity rise at alarming rates (Teen obesity, 2011). There is of course no single contributing factor to the cause of obesity but research has linked a variety of biological, genetic, cultural and behavioral traits to the disease. According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, childhood obesity is not typically caused by a particular medical disorders; â€Å"less than 1 percent of all obesity is caused by physical problems. Obesity in childhood and adolescence can be related to poor eating habits, overeating or binging, lack of exercise, family history of obesity, stressful life events or changes (separations, divorce, moves, deaths, abuse), family and peer problems, low self-esteem, and depression or other emotional problems† (AACAP, 2011). While the typical â€Å"extra few pounds† are not necessarily detrimental to the overall health of an individual, the incidence of obesity in teens is a serious health issue as it puts the child at increased risk for emotional problems, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety and undue stress on their young body (AACAP, 2011). Direct links have been seen between obesity and complex health concerns of increased risk for heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, respiratory complications and sleep disturbance (AACAP, 2011). It can cause issues like an increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, breathing problems, trouble sleeping (AACAP, 2011). Demographics The demographics of obesity are individualized to a person’s ideal weight for their height and body type. Obesity is categorized by having an excess of weight that is well outside of the medically accepted range based on height. There are varying degrees of obesity and being overweight is not the same as obesity. Obesity is categorized as being 20% or greater than the ideal weight for the individual (PAMF, 2011). The WHO’s definitions of â€Å"overweight† and â€Å"obese† are based on an individual’s body mass index (BMI), which measures weight relative to height. Overweight is marked by a BMI greater than or equal to 25 and obese is defined as having a BMI greater than or equal to 30 (World Health Organization, 2012). While it is widely accepted that Americans are one of the most overweight countries in the world, many other nations have seen steady increases in their rates of obesity. Epidemiological data has shown that countries all over the world have been steadily gaining weight in all genders, ethnic groups, ages and educational levels (World Health Organization, 2012). According to the national Institute of Health, 15. 5% of teenagers were obese (2006). This means that a large number of teenagers today are at risk for health issues like heart disease, high cholesterol and high blood pressure as well as type 2- diabetes. Obesity is a growing trend in all social classes and cultures; however it is disproportionately prevalent in certain ethnic populations. Obesity rates for example among â€Å"African American and Mexican American adolescents ages 12-19 were more likely to be overweight, at 21% and 23% respectively, than non-Hispanic White adolescents 14%† (aspe. hhs. gov, 2011). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey concluded that this disparity is of great concern especially when considering that type-2 diabetes and heart disease is at present, a prevalent health concerns among these ethnic populations (aspe. hhs. ov, 2011). With obesity on the rise in vulnerable populations that are seemingly already at increased risk for related disease, further research and interventions should be aggressively sought. When considering the younger generations that are becoming increasingly overweight, lifestyle habits, particularly the acceptance of sedentary entertainment have to be highly c onsidered as factors leading to the problem. The National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research (NCCOR) have established clear links that the sedentary nature of watching TV is linked with some unhealthy outcomes in kids (NCCOR, 2012).

To attain such goal

utliers, values that significantly differ among others in the set of data [2]. Before doing the statistical calculations, suspect values, which are the lowest and highest data obtained are evaluated in terms of its acceptability through the Q-test.It makes use of the tabulated critical values for different confidence levels in which the resultant value for the said test hould not exceed, otherwise the datum is considered invalid and cannot be included in the course of the following calculations. Where Xq is the highest or the lowest datum, Xn is the closest numerical value to the suspect values and R is the range of the data set. The sample mean is considered as the most valid estimate of the true value that is considered in the course of the experiment.It is considered as the norm in finding the probable location of the center of the data set since it is the value in between the extremes of the data. This is acquired by dividing the summation of the data within he set by the number of data added altogether [3]. Where is the mean value and represents the individual datum in the data set of replicate measurements. Standard deviation, in the other hand, is the measure of variation or the degree of the gathered measurements which implies that the measurements are less precise when a greater value is obtained. Otherwise, a lesser value should be calculated [3].However, standard deviation is usually expressed in parts per thousand. That is, Standard deviation may only measure the variability of the true value. However, to dentify the end values of a specific confidence interval, the confidence limit is calculated. It is the range where the true value lies at a certain level of probability. It may also measure the precision of the gathered data. The narrower is the range, the more precise are the acquired data. To calculate the confidence limit, Where t is the tabulated value for the corresponding levels of probability, n-l .In this experiment, it is crucial to be ab le to use the analytical balance properly and through gained knowledge on some concepts of statistical analysis, statistical concepts may hen be applied throughout the course of analytical chemistry. METHODOLOGY Figure 1 . Flowchart of the general procedures of the experiment. Ten (10) samples of 25-centavo coins were collected, washed thoroughly and dried to be used as samples for the experiment. With the use of forceps, these samples were transferred to a small beaker. The use of forceps was to ensure that no additional moisture will be retained on the surface of the samples.The weighing by difference technique was used in acquiring the mass of each sample. Before using the analytical balance, the on/tare button was pressed to calibrate the instrument. The beaker-sample system was then placed on top of the analytical balance. After the sides was properly closed, the reading was then recorded. After each reading, one 25-centavo coin is removed and a new reading was then obtain. Thi s was repeated until there was no sample left in the beaker and so the last acquired reading was the mass of the beaker.

Do Not Weep Maiden, for War Is Kind

â€Å"Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind,† was written by the poet Stephen Crane. The poem is a bitter and emotional protest of the horrors of war. It gets much of its strength from using simple but highly descriptive words in contrast with innocence, and also through the use of repetition and sarcasm. The poet portrays bitterness and innocence in the first stanza. It is strongly shown in the lines â€Å"Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind, because your lover threw wild hands towards the sky† (1-2). The maiden is obviously a grieving woman who has received the terrible news of the loss of her lover. It is however the sense of description in the second line which is evoked from the word â€Å"wild† that really describes the awful, vivid moment of death. Constant repetition throughout the poem is also utilized for maximum effect, in particular the deeply sarcastic phrase â€Å"war is kind† and the line â€Å"do not weep† which works well to emphasize the objective of the poem by discouraging the passions of war. The machine of war marches on like a great â€Å"Battle-God† but it is the poor souls who are left behind who suffer. It is the mourning wives, girlfriends and children who are left with nothing but memories of the brave soldiers who have given their lives to the killer machine. The flashiness of war is ridiculed in this poem. Words and phrases such as† booming drums of regiment† (6) and the â€Å"Swift blazing flag of the regiment, eagle with crest of red and gold† (18-19) have a strong, orderly and official glory which is deeply contrasted to that of suffering displayed throughout the poem. The moving tragedy of the story draws to a rapid conclusion with the mother whose humble labor has now produced nothing but a shroud for her son to lie in, along with the other thousand corpses. To further push the point home Crane uses the pronoun of â€Å"your† to directly relate to the reader. In many ways this type of poetry is a type of silent protest of war. It is an expression that has the ability to really get to the heart of the situation as much as a vocal protest. Even if war is an ever present aspect of society, works such as these ensure that its true horrors never fade. By reading such poetry we ensure that even if the brave fallen are gone, they are not forgotten.

Macro Economics - summary A Better Way Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro Economics - summary A Better Way - Essay Example Another beneficial factor for the increase in productivity is reorganization of labour force that has led to â€Å"fulfilling wants that had been unmet or may be even unknown.† (Page 5). Reorganization from trade also helps in creating more efficient deployment of labour economy wide as resources are shifted to their best uses as the producers seek comparative advantage in market place (following Ricardian comparative advantage). Higher productivity also helps in increasing the state of employment in the economy because higher productivity promises higher profits implying higher income for people. Higher income means higher demand and so there will be increase in investment and more creation of jobs. Furthermore, higher productivity provides the worker with more leisure and there by an opportunity to enjoy whatever they earn. This march to livelihood was not achieved in one day. After achieving self sufficiency in food grain with the advent of electrical appliances for cultiva tion, agriculture became capital intensive and freed up labor made their plunge to the industrial sector, thereby preparing a base for the tertiary sector to flourish. But the trend in productivity has been choppy. This has been â€Å"due to business cycle upturns and slowdowns as well as longer-term economic trends.†(Page 8). To make the increase in productivity continuing it is important that improvement in technology continues. With more improvement in technology there will be much more improvement in productivity. Technological improvement would bring in more sophisticated technologies which would help in improving the quality of work, save time and thus help in bringing down the costs. Again trade also makes a powerful impact on the overall efficiency of the economy. Productivity gains from trade stands for the operation of open markets. Due to expansion in trade it has now become possible to produce goods in those

NUTRITION RELATED DISEASE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

NUTRITION RELATED DISEASE - Assignment Example If proper precautions are not taken during processing then there are chances that they may contaminated. Keeping food in open for over 2 hours at room temperature may cause bacterial growth in food and consuming such food may cause illness (Medicine Plus, 2014). Certain kinds of illnesses cause due to lack of nutrients in food. For example, vitamin D deficiency causes cardiovascular disease, asthma, cancer, or rickets. Iron deficiency many lead to anemia in the body. Lack of vitamin C affects immune system and lead to decreased metabolism. Vitamin A is necessary for maintaining good vision and prevents several eye related ailments. Vitamin D is essential for keeping bones and teeth strong preventing its decay (MedicineNet.com, 2014). Safe food is extremely critical to keep body free of diseases. Food gets contaminated through several means that include improper storage, inadequate cooking temperatures, cross-contamination from animal waste, improper or insufficient hand washing. Microbes get transferred from utensils, common knife and cutleries when not washed properly in between uses. Meat and poultry gets contaminated during slaughter; even fruits and vegetables get contaminated by infected water during wash. Insufficient cooking may not eliminate pathogens completely if already present (Minnesota Department of Health, 2013). Water, soil, plants are the sources of this pathogen. They are also present in intestinal tracts of fish and animals. They do not require oxygen to survive. Canned foods including vacuum-packaged may contain these bacteria. Incubation time for this pathogen has been found between 12 and 72 hours. Usual symptoms are diarrhea, vomiting, muscle weakness, blurred vision and difficulty in swallowing. Presence of these pathogens in food may cause diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Usually, poultry, meats, dried and precooked foods are the sources. Incubation time is

Managerial Decision Making Research and Analysis Paper - 1

Managerial Decision Making and Analysis - Research Paper Example This strategic initiative has enabled the company to grow its business in international scales. As a result, nowadays, Starbucks operates in 62 countries across North America, Latin America, the Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa. As of September, 2014 the company employed approximately 191, 000 people (Starbucks Annual Report, 2014). For the FY 2014 the company reported the total net revenue of $16, 447.8 million, which resulted in 12% increase compared to the revenue generated in FY 2013 (Starbucks Annual Report). Below is provided more detailed overview of company’s total net revenue for the past 5 years. Thus, total net revenues of Starbucks increased by 11% in 2014 compared to 2013. In terms of business segments, the Americas business segment has generated the highest share of revenue - $ 12 billion (increased by 9% compared to FY 2013 (Starbucks Annual Report, 2014). Starbucks, being a company operating internationally faces many different types of risks and uncertainties, which are industry-specific, country-specific and general business risks. In its Annual Financial report, Starbucks indicates risks and possible changes to the economic environment that could ultimately appear to have adverse affect on its financial condition, business, or results of operation. Some of these risks include the following: As the US is one of the major markets generating significant share of the total revenue of the company, it is dependent on the economic condition in this country, in particular, on consumer discretionary spending (Starbucks Annual Report, 2014). Starbucks operates in food and beverage industry and is subject to public criticism and other adverse opinions. Such incidents could harm the company’s business and damage its brand value (Starbucks Annual Report, 2014). Thus, for example any report linking Starbucks with use of unclean water would threaten the

Week 6 post class 6340 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 6 post class 6340 - Assignment Example This is so because there are many volunteers in many health care departments but not many really carry out the roles of teaching like a nurse who is a service learner that is really noble of you (Groh, Stallwood and Daniels, 2011). I had really not thought about the role technology plays in higher education and especially having more people take up nursing degrees because higher education learning will be easier than it is currently and more than it was in the past. Thank you for such insight and I totally agree with it and especially if nursing shortage is to have a permanent solution (Zarate and Burciaga, 2010). Your current work position of being a director of education is the best position to advocate for specialty certification for nurses because you have not only the capability but also power to motivate, challenge and teach about the professionalism that accompanies having a certificate and it will also open up future job opportunities and trust from prospective employers (National League for Nursing, 2009). American Association of College Nurses, (2013). Defining Scholarship for the Discipline of Nursing. Retrieved on February 10, 2013 from:

Property law - Land Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Property law - Land - Essay Example The next year, Mr. Kernott and Ms. Jones acquired a loan to extend their house, with Mr. Kernott undertaking most of the construction work. The couple separated in 1993 and Mr. Kernott left their home in Badger Hall Avenue. Mr. Kernott stopped contributing to the household bills and the mortgage. Further, he made little contribution towards maintaining the two children that the couple had. Three years later, Mr. Kernott and Ms. Jones decided to redeem their life insurance policy, dividing the proceeds between themselves. Mr. Kernott bought a house on 114 Stanley Road in Essex with his share of the proceeds. However, in 2006, he sought payment for the value of his share of the house on Badger Hall Avenue. Ms. Jones declined, requesting that the Appointment of Trustees and Trusts of Land Act 1996 grant her total ownership of the property2. The court decided, after considering precedence in the cases of Dowden v Stack and Hiscock v Oxley that both parties share the total value of the property in different proportions, awarding 10% of the property to Mr. Kernott and 90% awarded to Ms. Jones. According to this judgment, Mr. Kernott would recieive  £24355 and Ms. Jones would receive  £219,190 in the event that they sold the property then Mr. Kernott appealed this decision at the High Court4. Mr. Kernott argued at the High Court that the judge wrongly imputed or inferred an intention that after the separation of the couple, both parties’ beneficial interests were supposed to change. Further, he claimed that the court was unfair in its quantification of the beneficial interests owned by both parties. By a simple majority, Mr. Kernott’s appeal went through. The court declared that both parties were joint owners of the property, and were tenants with equal shares5. Judges Wall P., Rimer L.J. and Jacob L.J. presided over the appeal6. Wall and Rimer argued that there was no way to indicate a change in the intentions of both parties

Labour Law in Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labour Law in Canada - Research Paper Example Additionally, the wrangles and inadequacies that the firm experiences, especially communication, might have emanated from the absence of proper training. Therefore, the employer and the executive ought to institute adequate policies, which would impart adequate knowledge to the staff. This is via shunning utilization of its own staff to train fellow peers regardless of the post that they hold. Since, these members of staff also require training due to their evidenced misconduct while dealing with their peers, for illustration, Williams. Prior to any terminations, the firm via its executive ought to have prepared notices meant to inform the staffs regarding the core reasons that prompted their intended discontinuations (Karabegovic 2011). This would be according to the dates stipulated by labour laws, which stipulates when one started working and the duration or alternatively using termination pay option. What are the critical issues to be decided by the board? Employees’ mode of termination was pathetic coupled with rudeness especially by the executives. For example, Williams who rather than sending notices to the staffs or summoning them before utilized the telephone in executing the advocated termination by the employer. The company did not even bother to address the workers regarding reasons, which prompted their terminations. In addition, the issue of meagre wages did demoralize the workers (Karabegovic 2011). Consequently, the employer should improve the staff’s both physical and invisible environment, which will enhance their morale and productivity. These encompass the Store 58’s floor and resolving of the evident wrangles amid the... What are the critical issues to be decided by the board? Employees’ mode of termination was pathetic coupled with rudeness especially by the executives. For example, Williams who rather than sending notices to the staffs or summoning them before utilized the telephone in executing the advocated termination by the employer. The company did not even bother to address the workers regarding reasons, which prompted their terminations. In addition, the issue of meagre wages did demoralize the workers (Karabegović 2011). Consequently, the employer should improve the staff’s both physical and invisible environment, which will enhance their morale and productivity. These encompass the Store 58’s floor and resolving of the evident wrangles amid the staffs. Which party bears the burden of proof and why? In this situation, the employer via the managerial body bears the burden of proof due to their witnessed misconduct. This is especially the manner in which the executive contacted terminations coupled with their rude remarks especially towards the employees (Karabegović 2011).

Various Factors of the External and Internal to Organization Essay Example for Free

Various Factors of the External and Internal to Organization Essay The internal environment of an organization refers to events, factors, people, systems, structures and conditions inside the organization that are generally under the control of the company. The companys mission statement, organizational culture and style of leadership are factors typically associated with the internal environment of an organization. As such, it is the internal environment that will influence organizational activities, decisions and employee behavior and attitudes. Changes in the leadership style, the organizations mission or culture can have a considerable impact on the organization. The External Environment The external environment are those factors that occur outside of the company that cause change inside organizations and are, for the most part, beyond the control of the company. Customers, competition, the economy, technology, political and social conditions and resources are common external factors that influence the organization. Even though the external environment occurs outside of an organization, it can have a significant influence on its current operations, growth and long-term sustainability. Ignoring external forces can be a detrimental mistake for managers to make. As such, it is imperative that managers continually monitor and adapt to the external environment, working to make proactive changes earlier on rather than having to take a reactive approach, which can lead to a vastly different outcome. Changing for the Internal Environment To better understand changes in the internal environment, lets look at the following example. After graduating from college, Cassandra decided to buy an existing tanning salon in her community. Before Cassandra purchased the salon, it was in terrible financial trouble. Many of the employees complained about the general managers leadership style, and the staff were often confused about what products and services they offered at the salon because the manager continuously implemented his next bright idea with little warning, most of which were complete failures. Cassandra knew that if she was ever going to be able to bring any level of success to the salon, she needed to make several changes to the internal environment of the tanning salon. The first thing Cassandra did was to fire the existing manager because of his ineffective leadership style. She replaced the manager with someone who practiced a leadership style that was better aligned with the company and its employees. Next, Cassandra spent time developing a clear mission of the company and communicated the new mission to all employees. Over the next several months, Cassandra spent time getting to know her employees and worked hard to foster a culture that was positive and rewarding. All of these changes made by Cassandra were necessary due to the internal forces that were pushing for change, and with the help of her employees, Cassandra was able to bring the much needed changes to the internal environment of the company. Changing for the External Environment If we return to the example of Cassandras tanning salon, we can also find some external forces that required additional change at the tanning salon. If you remember, one of the major issues the staff was having with the previous general manager was his continuous changing of products and services at the salon. What his staff did not know was that he was trying to respond to external factors relating to changing customer demands. As a result, Cassandra spent time talking to her customers to find out what they really want in a tanning salon and was sure to make any changes necessary to accommodate those demands. Additionally, because of the struggling economy, Cassandra needed to ensure her pricing was affordable to her clients and comparable to what her competition was offering for similar tanning services and products at their salons. Lesson Summary Lets review. The internal environment of an organization refers to events, factors, people, systems, structures and conditions inside the organization that are generally under the control of the company. The companys mission statement, organizational culture and style of leadership are factors that are typically associated with the internal environment of an organization. The external environment are those factors that occur outside of the company that cause change in organizations and are, for the most part, beyond the control of the company. Customers, competition, the economy, technology, political and social conditions and resources are common external factors that influence the organization. In order for managers to react to the forces of internal and external environments, they rely on environmental scanning. Environmental scanning refers to the monitoring of an organizations internal and external environments for early signs that a change may be needed. Environmental scans allow managers to use the knowledge gained during the scanning process to decide what steps, or changes, Answer: If there is anything that is stead fast and unchanging, it is change itself. Change is inevitable, and those organizations who do not keep up with change will become unstable, with long-term survivability in question. There are things, events, or situations that occur that affect the way a business operates, either in a positive or negative way. These things, situations, or events that occur that affect a business in either a positive or negative way are called driving forces or environmental factors or forces. There are two kinds of driving forces; Internal driving forces, and external driving forces. Internal driving forces are those kinds of things, situations, or events that occur inside the business, and are generally under the control of the company. Examples might be as follows  · organization of machinery and equipment,  · technological capacity,  · organizational culture,  · management systems,  · financial management  · employee morale. External driving forces are those kinds of things, situation, or events that occur outside of the company and are by and large beyond the control of the company. Examples of external driving forces might be, the industry itself, the economy, demographics, competition, political interference, etc. Whether they are internal or external driving forces, one thing is certain for both. Change will occur! A company must be cognizant of these changes, flexible, and willing to respond to them in an appropriate way. External driving forces can bury a business if not appropriately dealt with. The question is, how does a business know what changes are occurring so that they can deal with them in a positive way. OK, thats the next issue. In order for a business to succeed and gain the competitive edge, the business must know what changes are indeed occurring, and what changes might be coming up in the future. I guess you might call this forecasting. Thus, critical to the business is what we call informational resources. It is the collection and analyzation of data. Some examples of critical information might include the following: * Competition (what are they doing?) * Customer behavior (needs, wants, and desires) * Industry out look (local, national, global) * Demographics (the change populations, there density, etc.) * Economy (are we peaking, or moving negatively) * Political movements and/or interference * Social environment * Technological changes * General environmental changes * Government interference (laws, regulations, policies, ect.) The above are just some issues organizations must be on top of. Well its never easy, but organizations that are successful include all of the above (and more), to develop the appropriate tactics, strategies, and best practices, to ensure successful out comes.

Counterculture of Gypsies

Counterculture of Gypsies A counterculture is a subculture that rejects the major values of the larger society, and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns (Thomas). The Gypsies are just one example of a counterculture. Gypsies generally rejected the bourgeois values; They rejected private property, materialism, and moral values. Gypsies had no long-lasting residency and survived on little material wealth. The Gypsies pursued detached lives that included use of drugs, alcohol, and they also believed in open sexual freedom. They lived merely for the arts and bliss (Mtholyoke.edu). In the nineteenth century the bohemian gypsies became recognized for representing a counterculture of artists, musicians, poets and writers (Turman). The history of the gypsies persisted to be unknown for years. A huge reason for the uncertainty of this culture was because of their lack of written linguistic, and their lack of understanding of their origin. The name Gypsy was derived from Egypt, which was where they commonl y claimed to originate from. It was finally revealed that the Romani language was closely correlated to dialects of the Indian language (Watkins). The Gypsies, or Romani people originated in Northern India and migrated into the Middle East and eventually spread across Europe (scottishgypsies.co.uk). The sociological perspective is the viewing of a groups behavior in a systemic way, rather than depending on common-sense explanations (Thomas 4). The three main sociological perspectives are the functionalist perspective, the interactionist perspective, and the conflict perspective. The functionalist perspective views society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system (Thomas 14). Using the functionalist perspective, it can be perceived that the gypsies detached, private lives and rebellion against the bourgeois values identifies the culture as a dysfunction. If the gypsies norms were labeled as dysfunctional, it would mean that they have a negative consequence on the stability of the social system (Thomas 14). The interactionist perspective focuses solely on how individuals interact with one another in society and how individuals attach meanings to their actions (Thomas 17). Using the interactionist perspective, sociologists look at certain aspects such as marriage rituals and child development. The gypsies after marriage are expected to live with the parents of the husband for at least a year and are expected to have three or four children; it is very unusual for a couple to have only two children. Once they move in, the bori or wife, takes on most of the household tasks. Once the children arrive, the women are in charge of child care, but it is not strange for them to turn to relatives for assistance. Men and women are both affectionate towards children and the children are brought up in loving environments. Children begin to help their parents at a young age. They begin to train in whatever the family chooses for their kids to pursue whether it be singing, dancing, or woodwork. Girls learn household tasks and they marry by the time they reach mid-teens (Christobel). The conflict perspective focuses on the forces in society that promote competition and change. Conflict sociologists research includes decision-making i n the family and relationships among racial groups (Thomas 16). Using the conflict perspective, sociologists will see that the Gypsies are observed by outsiders as coming from a low social status and they are categorized as different for their carefree lifestyle. Sociological imagination is the ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives (Thomas 5). Due to the gypsies different lifestyle and their practices not being accepted, they focused a lot of their attention on the arts. The original collection of the theater was moralistic and was created by Gypsies (Christobel). The Gypsies also are well known for their fortune-telling, which was an important part of their belief. Gypsy women sold fortunes by reading palms and tarot cards (Christobel). The Roma gypsies have impacted American culture directly with their mysticism and creative abilities. The Gypsies are also most well-known for their musical contributions. The Gypsies have contributed to curre nt American music, and are also accredited for their creation of the Flamenco, in Spain. Possibly one of the best jazz guitarists, Django Rheinhardt, who is a renowned Gypsy, also contributed to American culture (Heimlich). The gypsies have also influenced fashion in this generation. Today there are bohemian trends or boho, which are rustic and carefree. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to see ones own culture and group as superior (Thomas 35). If you have ever heard the saying when someone is to con another person, they gyp them, this is derived from the stereotype created by non-Gypsies. This saying is not accurate because the Gypsies generally had a lower crime rate than other ethnicities (Heimlich). In 1939 through 1945 there was the genocide of the Roma gypsies, which was when the Nazis decided that the Gypsies were racially inferior. The Nazis were against those who lived the gypsy lifestyle. The Nazis established these people as culturally undesirable and as a result, they mistreated them. The Nazis had no way to categorize and determine gypsies from a desirable individual, so they turned to racial hygiene and began to try and figure who the gypsies were, based on physical appearance. It was estimated that approximately 90 percent of all of the Roma in Germany, had contaminated blood, meaning they were mixed and were carriers of degenerate blood and unlawful characteristics (Ushmm.org). The Germans in this time period believed any other culture or race other than pure Germans could possibly pose as a threat to society. As a result, the Nazi Germans exterminated nearly one million Gypsies. Discrimination is still an issue today for Gypsies, along with marginalization. The European Gypsies today are still without sufficient medical aid and they do not receive the same job opportunities. They are deprived from certain privileges due to their culture and ethnic background (Padden). Cultural Relativism is the belief that cultures should be judged on their own standard rather than applying the standards of another culture (Thomas 36). There are the Romungro, The Boyash, and the Roma Gypsies all of which have different locations in Hungary and their standards vary based on their settlement. The Romungro are Gypsies that have lost their language and associate with middle class in society. These Gypsies have higher education expectations, but are still proud of their gypsy origin. The Boyash Gypsies are despised by the Roma Gypsies, due to their integration. They are nonviolent and hard-working. Music, dancing, and language remain important elements in the Boyash Gypsies culture. The Romas are the real Gypsies. They have continued to save their traditional culture which include their language, clothing, music, and dancing (Katalin, Forray R.;Beck Zoltà ¡n). All of these subcultures of gypsies have continued to keep the certain values of their culture and not comple tely conform to the standards of the of a larger culture. Today you can still find Roma Gypsies who continue to practice their cultural beliefs and standards in a society with different expected norms. I feel as if in todays society, the original Roma Gypsies would still be considered a counterculture. Despite having lost most of their original Romani language, they still preserve cultural identity and selectiveness (Heimlich). Their culture differs too much from todays social norms and would still be considered different or odd. After lots of research, I have discovered that there are many Gypsy subcultures that have adapted to certain norms and that do not follow the Roma Gypsy standards completely. I feel as if some of the Gypsy subcultures would be accepted in todays society. References   Christobel, Maya. The-Gypsy-Life.com. 19 May 2015. Web. 10 March 2017. Heimlich, Evan. Everyculture.com. 26 February 2015. Web. 10 March 2017. Katalin, Forray R.;Beck Zoltà ¡n. Gypsy Studies. University of Pà ©cs, 2008. Book. 10 March 2017. Mtholyoke.edu. n.d. Web. 10 March 2017. Padden, Kathy. Todayifoundout.com. 4 June 2014. Web. 10 March 2017. scottishgypsies.co.uk. 2004. Web. 10 March 2017. Thomas, W. LaVerne. Sociology: The Study of Human Relationships. Austin: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 2003. 39. Textbook. Turman, Karen. BOHEMIAN ARTISTS AND REAL BOHEMIANS. . 2015. infona.pl. Journal. 10 March 2017. Ushmm.org. 2017. Web. 10 March 2017. Watkins, James A. Owlcation.com. 27 December 2016. Web. 10 March 2017.

Review Of Im Nobody! Who Are You?

Review Of Im Nobody! Who Are You? Thesis Statement: Emily Dickinson poem, Im Nobody! Who Are You?, is successful on influencing readers that the best ideas can come from nothing. Introduction: I chose this as one of the famous poets known poem, which is found at Chapter 10.1, entitled: The Speaker (Persona) in a Poem. It can also be found from Thomas H. Johnsons (1960) Book of Complete Poems as its 288th entry: Im Nobody! Who are you? Are you- Nobody-Too? Then theres a pair of us! Dont tell! theyd advertise, you know. - How dreary-to be- Somebody! How public-like a frog- To tell ones name- the livelong June- To an admiring bog! What about the poems form, language, content, or other dimension do you find engaging?: I find engaging its genre of lyrical form, English language using informal diction and bearing a very good rhyme scheme (o sound in lines 1 and 2 with g in 6 and 8) with 2 stanzas. The theme shows how one can find the identity of self and gather the best ideas can come from only doing nothing. It uses the simile and metaphor figure of speeches, because it was able to compare or equate unlike things in similarity (Nobody vs Famous persons) and used the word like in line 6 in the second stanza. Moreover, to dissect the poem, when the word they was mentioned in line 4, wherein the poet was pertaining to famous people or any person situated in high levels the of society (Essay on Emily dickinson i am nobody! who are you? para. 1). With a very short content of only 8 lines, Dickinson was able to quickly reach out to others who would want to have the same privacy she experienced and also gain fruitful o utcomes from this choice. Doing this is actually not seen as usual in famous persons or high level situated bodies. How does the poems use of language compare to that of everyday speech?: I can say that in terms of both modern and classic writing on poetry, it still uses informal diction, though there certainly will be a difference in the use of words if one can write it today. To site a modern view on Dickinsons way of writing in the Im Nobody! Who Are You? poem, Jessica Writes (2007) wrote an online essay saying that, it is evident here that she is referring to a friend that she had relationships kept in private, but were foretold mostly by her corresponding letters. Indeed she is successful in her field. Wherein, she was productive during times she was alone, nursing the gardens inside their yard, writing poetry and reading. Since, she preferred to be named as an anonymous poet to her poems; it shows a personal assessment as A Nobody in the society, being a direct reflection of ideals as a non-conformist to the society. Its psychological nature are greatly affecting to people and objects geared towards seeing themselves in this way in life. With todays social pressures, even the smallest poem can help. Back in the old days, wherein classic literature are given birth to, renaissance and revolutions are greatly affected with writers who seek for a new beginning and freedom thru their writing skills. How do the differences and/or similarities between speech and poetic form affect your experience of the poem?: Domhnall Mitchell (2000), a very good critic of literature, mentioned in his book, that the poem Im Nobody! Who Are You? is a form of confessional poetry. Wherein, I agree with this thought. That is why it uses the simile and metaphor figure of speeches, because it was able to compare or equate unlike things in similarity, which is the Dickinson and akin others being the Nobody type of persons judged against the Famous type of persons (who would not likely to favor practices of a Nobody.) At first, a reader would have taught that Dickinson was talking about herself, but there is a quick turn of mood when the poem becomes about the reader. I find this interesting. This can be seen after the 1 line was said, which is a statement about Dickinsons poetic self, and then there is a following string of questions pertaining to the readers own selves. Lastly, the poems 2 immediate co ncerns are: the readers asking who we are, as well as the how is the relationship existing between the reader and the poet (pp. 157-158). Do these differences and/or similarities influence how you think or feel about the subject matter of the poem?: In terms of familiarity, I can say that this poem is reflective of Dickinsons life and not the persons she sites in her poem. It is more personal in nature. For instance, Arthur Versluis (2001), another very good critic of literature in history, mentioned the opinion of John Cody, in his own book, that her works are pronouncing of her madness as a result. That is why the poem, Im Nobody! Who Are You?, has certain negativity touch on it. It was also quoted, one will inevitably misunderstand and trivialize much of Emily Dickinsons life and poetry if one fails to grasp the full intensity of her suffering and the magnitude of her collapse. For this reason let me state at the onset my thesis that the crisis Emily Dickinson suffered following the marriage of her brother was a psychosis (p. 175). Conclusion: Yes, I agree that the best ideas can come from nothing. You can occupy your time with writing poetries like what Emily Dickinson is known for during her time. Yet, even if one decides a secluded life, society will hunt. Dickinsons writes in such a way that she dictates and forces the readers mind to think the same and view society like her opinion. The advantage I can see here is that it is leading to a self-evaluation and growth in uniqueness as individuals. On the other hand, a disadvantage of her way of writing (as well as thinking) is that it fails to show the right personality for an individual. When, maturity takes place, when one knows his or her purpose in life, then the best ideas can come in, one can make fruitful outcomes and one can reach success. Even the quietest moments or disturbing scenes takes self-confidence and trust, a parallel thought to both being a Nobody and a Famous person.

Scientology :: essays research papers

The Truth About Scientology Scientology was created around 1950 by a science fiction author, L. Ron Hubbard. Scientology was presented as a religious philosophy, but is actually a warped sense of both religion and science, fused together to create a belief system that is quite damaging to people’s psychological state. Scientologists believe that man is ultimately capable of determining the outcome of all aspects of his life: mental, emotional, as well as physical. It is a twentieth century religion that teaches that one’s health and wellness is something that man is in control of. Man is a spiritual being endowed with abilities well beyond those that he normally imagines. He is able to solve his own problems, accomplish his goals, gain lasting happiness, and also achieve new states of understanding he may never have dreamed possible. As for science, science is the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. Science uses a system, known as the scientific method, to explain general truths and phenomena. As you can understand now, scientology does not meet the requirements of what it takes for something to be classified as a science. However it is a set of ideas based on theories put forth as scientific when they are not scientific, a term known as a pseudoscience. Lafayette Ronald Hubbard, the creator of scientology, published Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, and insisted that it was a science. He claimed that dianetics "...contains a therapeutic technique with which can be treated all inorganic mental ills and all organic psycho-somatic ills, with assurance of complete cure.† The truth of the matter is that no scientific testing has been done that would credit this set of ideals. Scientology is a confused mixture of harmfully applied psychotherapy, oversimplified, foolish and irrelevant rules and ideas and science-fiction nonsense that is presented to its members as profound spiritual truth. It is not based on scientific testing; rather it is a cult that was created in the hopes that it could use its mind controlling techniques to manipulate people into handing over their money.

Dealing With Drugs :: essays research papers

My mother knew sports were the most important thing in my life. She tried to use my love of sports to keep me away from drugs. She told me drugs would keep me from performing at my best when I played football. But I had been reading the sports page since I was a little kid. I knew some of the best athletes in America were using drugs. Guys who could run a hundred yards in less than ten seconds were using drugs. They were doing great. Drugs weren’t hurting their performance. So I didn’t pay any attention to my mother’s warnings, and I started using drugs when I was fifteen (qtd. in Perkins and McMurtrie-Perkins 25-26). On the weekends, there is at least one party planned. Teens will find someway, no matter what to get either drunk or high. Many will lie, steal, or cheat so they can use. Some teens even spend an entire day trying to obtain their drugs of choice. Although many teens don’t use drugs because it is unacceptable, there is an increase in drug use among teens today, because sports athletes, movies, and music make it appear acceptable. It is true, of course, that athletes will and do get reprimanded for the use of drugs, but many still run the risk, and don’t get caught. They either use substances that are illegal in the sport or on the street. Steroids were first used by the Germans in World War II, then the Soviets started using them in sports in the late 1940’s(Cox). It seems that if an athlete gets caught with drugs they receive more publicity, young people see this and think that if they do drugs too then they will get more attention. Furthermore, Many young people consider athletes, actors, actresses, and musicians as role models. They try to model their lives after them, this, many times includes the celebrity’s drug use if they have used before. There are many biographies on television that deal with a celebrity and their drug use. Young people see these bios and think that drug use is just a part of growing up and that they will have to do it sometime so why not get it out of the way (Duncan). Undoubtedly, many actors and actresses have been involved in anti-drug campaigns; still many have been caught or confessed using drugs. They also play many roles in movies and shows in which they use drugs, granted older people know that they are only playing a role, but many younger viewers don’t.

The Hukou System in China

No other creatures in the animal world form anything like cities. The closest resemblance would be a bee hive or an anthill, however in contrast to human agglomerations; they are closed to non-natives and not based on voluntary exchange (Bartlett, 1998, cited in O'Sullivan, 2009). The hukou (household registration) system, implemented in China in the late 1950's and still being enforced today, assigns a hukou location to every Chinese citizen that curtails self-initiated moves and limits migration from rural to urban areas (Fan 2005). These restrictions create agglomerations much ike those described by the hives and the hills of nature, and it is questioned whether such restrictions are preventing Chinese cities from obtaining a socially optimizing equilibrium. This essay looks to discuss the determinants of city size, the effects of the hukou system on these determinants and hence evaluate whether Chinese cities are induced to The size of a city can be distinguished between its size in terms of land mass and its size in terms of population. For this issue we shall mainly focus on population. Ravenstein's (1889, cited from Fan, 2005) laws f migration introduced the notion that people move in order to better themselves economically. In this view, migration is considered as the individual's response to regional differentials in economic development. Similarly, neoclassical theory views migration as an outcome of geographic differences in labor demand and supply (Sjaastad 1962, cited from Fan, Firms and hence labor force are attracted to cities as they provide agglomeration economies and economies of scale, efficiently concentrating infrastructure and other common resources via labor-pooling, knowledge pill-overs and economic competition, thus raising productivity, and hence wages (O'Sullivan, 2009). Ultimately it is a migrant's utility that influences their decision to migrate from place to place. O'Sullivan (2009) relates the utility of a worker with the total workforce within a city, From this example it can be shown that cities may be too large, but not too small. The utility curve reaches its maximum with 2 million workers in a city so a region with 6 million workers will maximize utility with 3 cities, where utility has adjusted until workers are indifferent between the two cities. If cities are too small, so for example if there are 6 small cities each with 1m workers, there is an unstable equilibrium because the utility curve is positively sloped at this point. If a worker moves from one small city to another they create a utility gap as the population in one has decreased – and hence utility – while the other increased. This gap encourages even more movement, and as self-reinforcing effects generate extreme outcomes, the extreme outcome is that everyone will move from one city to another, making the city ‘disappear'. However when you have two large cities, with m workers each, when a worker moves and a utility gap is created, utility is actually higher in the smaller city (perhaps due to congestion and overcrowding in the now larger city) making migration self-correcting rather than self-reinforcing. Migrants will then either move back to the smaller city, or existing inhabitants of the larger city will move to the smaller one until a stable equilibrium of 3 million workers. The hukou system's restrictions will limit worker's ability to migrate between cities and it is almost certain that an optimum equilibrium state will not being reached. Workers will be contained within the region they currently reside and while it may be possible for equilibrium to be reached within the region, it limits the probability of it being optimal dramatically. This reflects Andes'(1995) view that political forces, more so than economic ones, drive urban centralization, hence cities are induced While migration may be a major factor in the determination of city size, â€Å"cities are engines of economic growth† (Lucas, 2001, cited from O'Sullivan, 2009), regardless of migration restrictions. Krugman (1991) says that economic growth is induced through agglomeration economies, with lements of labor-pooling, knowledge spill-overs and technological innovation. With these elements, growth can be induced by increasing the productivity and income of human capital (O'Sullivan, 2009), learning and innovating production and management techniques from one another (Porter, 1990 cited from Glaeser, 1992) and hence as a result of a combination of the previous two, results in technological innovation, further increasing productivity and efficiency (Krugman, 1991). As a result of internal economic growth, O'Sullivan (2009) depicts this graphically again with respect to worker's utility and population, Figure 2. Growth induced by innovation shifts the utility curve outwards. People will then want to move to the innovative city and close the utility gap until a new equilibrium b and s. This however brings about an important point. The new equilibrium can only come about if labor migration exists. With the hukou system, migration is restricted which will result in innovative cities always having a higher utility than those who don't and hence because of such a disequilibrium, the majority of Chinese cities in effect are induced into being ‘too small'. The equilibrium j cannot be reached as nnovation cannot â€Å"become contagious† across cities, in which both cities will innovate at the same time. Jacobs (1969, cited from Glaeser, 1992) further supports the notion that internal economic growth alone is not sufficient as most important knowledge spill-overs come from outside the industry, and as a result of labor migration restrictions, such knowledge is limited to flourish growth. Scherer (1982, cited from Glaeser, 1992) presents evidence strengthening Jacob's view, indicating that around 70% of innovations in a given industry are used outside the industry. To summarize, labor mobility underpins the validity of O'Sullivan's theories on utility and population size within a city and the ideas of internally induced growth put forward by Lucas, Krugman, Glaeser and O'Sullivan. Without labor mobility, labor cannot close utility gaps, therefore not allowing the theoretical possibility for them to become too big, but not too small. A city's internal ability to induce growth is limited in Jacob's view if the majority of increases in productivity and innovation as a result of knowledge spill-overs arguably come from outside he industry, and hence city. The hukou system's power to restrict labor movement, restricts the possibility of â€Å"human containers shipping complex, uncodified information† (Storper, 2001) required for innovation from one interprovincial city to another, hence limiting the ability for growth. Chinese cities in effect, are forced into being ‘too small'. In conclusion, Myrdal (1957) argues a stable equilibrium assumption implies that a social process follows a direction, this in his view is wrong. It can be possible that some exogenous change has such strength and irection to bring the system to rest, however it is not a natural outcome and is furthermore unstable. Such a state can also be achieved through policy intervention – the hukou system in this case. Storper (1989) adds to this saying â€Å"growth is the pivot on which industrial geography turns, and change is the only constant in a world of persistent disequilibrium. Metaphorically, such an equilibrium (or disequilibrium relative to a less restricted system) resulting from the hukou system, contains provincial regions separately from one another rather than allowing a concoction give ise to a mass growing system. It can be argued however that smaller cities can be more desirable than those heavily under the influence of urban sprawl, exempting the dis-economies of increased congestion and commuting costs (Bruekner, 2000). But the strength and benefits of agglomeration economies in pushing cities to grow outweigh such by-products, as these can be addressed because of the innovation that is created. However, as discussed in this essay, there is much resentment against the hukou system. Huifeng (2010) presents a joint editorial in 13 Chinese mainland newspapers hat called on the nation's top legislative body to abolish the hukou system, as the strict population controls have split the country into rural and urban areas. He continues to say as the mainland has developed in recent decades, concerns have been expressed that the system may be doing more harm than good, with the divide between the urban and rural populations growing into a chasm. If the restrictions were lifted, a natural flow will be brought about onto the Chinese economy, allowing Chinese cities and regions to converge towards O'Sullivan's optimal equilibrium's, no longer rendering them ‘too small'.

Impact of Hrd Mechanism on Emotional Intelligence

Firstly, we cannot express sufficient appreciation to our advisor Mrs. Koran Taker. We are fortunate to have such a passionate and exemplary advisor. Her patience and support enabled us to overcome the challenges encountered by us during our entire journey as an MBA student. She has read our dissertation literally word by word and provided insightful and invaluable feedback that we would not have been able to receive from anyone else. We have truly learned from her how to live as a scholar, a teacher, and a Mentor. We also thank our H. O. D. Ms.Supreme Sinai, for building our inundation as a researcher and teaching us how to write a dissertation. We owe a debt of gratitude to all of the Lovely Professional University colleagues in the program. We also want to thank members of LEAP for their prayers and support. They treated us like their own family. Our love and appreciation go to our family for their endless support. Special thanks to our parent's, who have provided all of the wonde rful opportunities in our life. Executive Summary Emotional intelligence is gaining prevalence in all the walks of personal and professional lives of individual as well as the organizations.With the increasing individual adapt better and manage a meaningful work life with enhanced values and ethical standards. It is desirous on the part of the organizations to tap this potential and lead the company towards an ethical work environment leading to effective performance and heightened satisfaction. With this forethought in mind, the current paper sets out to examine the relationship between the dimensions of emotional intelligence and HARD climate at workplace in Indian Banking sectors.The results suggest that emotional intelligence and its dimensions are significantly related to HARD climate at workplace and variables of emotional intelligence namely, elf awareness, interpersonal connectivity and emotional regulation have a predictive relationship with HARD Climate at workplace. In th is study, it was investigated whether there is any impact of HARD Climate on emotional intelligence (II). A survey questionnaire was administered to 1 50 employees from different Banks in Calendar.In this context, HARD is playing an important role in the organizations. HER meaner employees in organization, who work to increase the profit for organization. Development, it is acquisition of capabilities that are needed to do the present Job, or the future expected Job. HARD is the process of helping people to acquire competencies. Climate, this is an overall feeling that is conveyed by the physical layout, the way employees interact and the way members of the organization conduct themselves with outsiders.Organizational climate is a set of characteristics of an organization. To survive it is very essential for an organization to adapt itself to the changes in the environment and also continuously prepare their employees to meet the challenges; this will have a positive impact on the o rganization. The HARD climate is changing due to some factors which are influencing change in the business scenario which are globalization, merger and acquisitions, technology, outsourcing. The HARD climate plays a crucial role in determining organizational performance.The objective of incorporating HARD mechanism is to develop the individual as a person to continuously recognize, develop and use their potential. This will develop the individual in relation to their Job and their future expected role. The overall impact would be the development of the organization as a whole to promote capabilities of the employees. This would create a climate conducive to accomplish organizational effectiveness. The success of an organization largely depends on the favorable HARD climate.Existence of a favorable HARD climate will give space to a supportive atmosphere which allows the employees to improve their skills. A proper functioning HARD climate is like an investment on employees which will lead to higher returns in terms of increased performance. The employee giving higher performances will definitely be content with his Job and personal development and will step to the other level of emotionally stable. HARD mechanisms are required for the growth of a company and the idea is that the entire process should be transparent and known to all the employees.The real concern is to find out the area which needs which needs improvement. There are many HARD mechanisms available to develop the competencies and skills of employees and improve the overall organizational climate. The HARD mechanisms are like performance appraisal, potential appraisal, feedback [5] resource planning, recruitment, selection and placement. Besides this, trend in the organizations is changing these days. To attain personal and organizational success the factors required go beyond the intellect, such as maturity, empathy, communication, stability.To understand and manage emotions is very much important when working in an organization. We are all aware of IQ or intelligence quotient. But we are not much familiar with emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence was popularized by Daniel Coleman in his book, Emotional Intelligence. The concept of emotional intelligence is a broad term that encompasses a wide range of individual inherent skills and capabilities, usually called soft skills or inter and intra-personal skills, which fall outside the category of that are outside the conventional skills and knowledge.Emotional intelligence is more like being fully acquaint of our own emotions and behavior pattern and their dynamic relationship with traditional intelligence. The emotionally intelligent person will be able to handle pressures and adapt to the continuous work related changes. Both emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence are like two sides of the coin which are really essential for the human mind. It is said that if one is lacking the other part has to be compensa ted to accustom and survival. Since 1990, Peter Salvoes and John D.Mayer have been the leading researchers on emotional intelligence. In their influential article â€Å"Emotional Intelligence,† they defined emotional intelligence as, â€Å"the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to criminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions† (1990). As they defined emotional intelligence, they also proposed four branches of emotional intelligence which are perceiving emotions, reasoning with emotions, understanding emotions and managing emotions.The idea is to see that if good HARD climate helps in retaining the employees and increase their level of motivation to perform better and stay in the organization. The purpose of the study is to study about what are the implications of HARD mechanism in developing emotional intelligence among the employees. Significance of the Study This study is one of the first known attempts to uncover the relationships among El and HARD climate in empirical research. Because it is currently difficult to find an empirical study that integrates these concepts, this study can provide foundational knowledge for further research on the topic.The results of this study will also have implications for practitioners in the field of human resource development. Though applications of El are already actively used in training and development programs after the concept was popularized by Coleman (1995), the problem is that there is not efficient scientific evidence for the effect of El in the workplace (Matthews et al. , 2002). Though there are a few studies that have found significant relationships considered neither the contextual factors of the work settings nor the effect of emotional intelligence experienced by workers.Thus, it is still not certain in which circumstances El and HARD climate have an effect on work outcomes. Thi s study will identify the contextual factors that interact with the employee's El to bring about consequences in the workplace. Therefore, human resource development restrictions may be able to apply the findings of this study in exploring the possibilities of designing and implementing El development programs. There is still a lack of research on the construct in the field of human resource development . F significant relationships among employees' El are found in this study, practitioners may apply this finding to explore the possibility of reducing employees El . Limitations of the Study 0 Because this study will be conducted in specific work settings, the findings may not be applicable to a Job environment with different characteristics. 0 Also, the results of his study may not be generalized to employees in organizations that have a different culture because emotion display rules are a function of societal norms, occupational norms, and organizational norms. In addition, cautio n is needed when interpreting the results of this study. Even if an individual's El is found to have positive effects, this does not necessarily imply that people with high El should be selected when organizations hire employees. Nor will this [7] research provide any evidence about whether El development programs are possible or effective. 0 Finally, there is much controversy over whether emotions can be assured empirically. Thus, the limitations of the instruments used in this study may have an effect on the usefulness of the results in a workplace setting.Objectives:o To study the implication of HARD mechanism on emotional intelligence. Hypothesis:Ho -There is no significant relation between HARD mechanism and emotional intelligence. Hal- There is a significant relation between HARD mechanism and emotional intelligence. Definitions of Key Terms Key terms in this study are defined as follows. Emotional intelligence (E') :-is the ability to identify, assess, and control the emotion s of oneself, of others, and of groups. It can be divided into ability El and trait El.Ability El is usually measured using maximum performance tests and has stronger relationships with traditional intelligence, whereas trait El is usually measured using self-report questionnaires and has stronger relationships with personality. Emotional awareness:-emotional awareness is the first step needed towards getting an emotion in order to be able to get rid of it. For example you might be feeling happy while being with your friends then suddenly and out of no where your mood swings.This didn't happen out of nothing as it seemed but you Just didn't notice the trigger hat resulted in the mood swing because you didn't develop proper emotional awareness Self-assessment: -Self assessment is the process of looking at oneself in order to assess aspects that are important to one's identity. It is one of the motives that drive self-evaluation, along with self-verification and self-enhancement. Self -confidence:-self confidence relates to self-assuredness in one's personal judgment, ability, power, etc.Self-control:-Self control is the ability to control one's emotions, behavior, and desires in order to obtain some reward, or avoid some punishment. Presumably, some smaller) reward or punishment is operating in the short term which precludes, or reduces, the later reward or punishment. Empathy:-Empathy is the capacity to recognize emotions that are being experienced by another sentient or fictional being. Performance Appraisal:-let is a method by which the Job performance of an employee is evaluated.Performance appraisals are a part of career development and consist of regular reviews of employee performance within organizations. Feedback:- Information about reactions to a product, a person's performance of a task, etc. , used as a basis for improvement. Social competence:-Social competence is a complex, multidimensional concept consisting of social, emotional (e. G. , affect re gulation), cognitive (e. G. , fund of information, skills for processing/acquisition, perspective taking), and behavioral (e. . , conversation skills, proboscis behavior) skills, as well as motivational and expectancy sets (e. G. , moral development, ceaselessly) needed for successful social adaptation. Social competence also reflects having an ability to take another's perspective concerning a situation, learn from past experiences, and apply that learning to the changes in social interactions. Personnel competence:- The set of individual personality traits which enable individuals to manage themselves independently and capably.Emotional Intelligence: Conceptual framework Concepts of intelligence have evolved over the last 100 years. In the first half of the 20th century, there was a common belief that the adequate measure of IQ test. But looking into the findings of current researches, it is said that the IQ scores as the measure of intelligence need to be interpreted with caution . Academics as well as the practitioners have conveyed that the intelligence of human beings and its implications for the organization should be considered from the cognitive and emotional perspectives.They say that as compared to cognitive intelligence, it is the emotional intelligence that has greater relevance to organizational successes. In 1900 Alfred Binge begins administering tests to French school children for intelligence and first large scale administration of IQ test was held to US army. The notion of El can be traced to Thorniness (1920) concept of social intelligence, Heckler's (1940) proposition conceptualization of of non-intellective abilities as well as Gardener's (1983) personal intelligence. However, the term of 'emotional intelligence' (E') owes its origin to Salvoes and Mayer (1990).They originally defined emotional intelligence as the ability of an individual to monitor one's own and others emotions, to discriminate among the positive and negative effects of em otion and to use emotional information to guide one's thinking and actions. Then emotional intelligence has been popularized by Coleman (1997), the concept is derived from social intelligence Monsoons and Indris, 1999). Unlike abstract intelligence, which refers to the ability to understand and manipulate symbols, or concrete intelligence, social intelligence refers to the ability to understand and relate to people.According to the Coleman†s emotional intelligence model he identifies four emotional intelligence domains and 19 associated competencies. These four domains are self awareness, self management, social competence and social management El is also can define as an individual's ability to accurately perceive reality so as to understand and regulate their own emotional responses as well as adapt and respond to others (Mayer and Salvoes, 1997; Paltrier, 2002). This emerges as four interrelated social skills, grouped around knowledge, perception, regulation and mineral int elligence (Mayer and Salvoes, 1997).Leaving aside general intelligence, the other components relate to the individual's ability to manage their emotional response (Coleman, 1998; Mayer and Salvoes, 1997). [10] Emotional perception allows individuals to respond congruently, as they recognize their own and others† emotional responses. Emotional regulation meaner individuals self-monitor the intensity and direction of their own and others â€Å"emotional responses, as Paltrier (2002) highlights, allowing them to moderate negative emotional reactions and remain positive.Regulation, the third component, allows individuals to utilize their emotional knowledge to promote creativity and flexibility, framework be personalized in the following ways. First, individuals who understand their own emotions can more accurately identify their responses and so change if need be. Second, the intellectual use of emotions meaner individuals† cognitive decisions are more acute, so they are b etter able to assimilate information, make Judgments or be creative and solve problems.This suggests emotionally intelligent people are more self-aware regarding their strengths and limitations, and because of this they are claimed to be more confident, optimistic, legible, innovative and comfortable with new ideas (Black, 1999; Coleman,1998; Mayer and Salvoes, 1997). Clearly,employees offer advantages to contemporary organizations wanting to gain competitive advantage through adaptability, rapid response and change innovation. At this point, we must acknowledge that studies of emotional intelligence are in their infancy, with some questioning the veracity of the concept (Hunt, 2001) and its measures (Becker, 2003).Relationship of Emotional Intelligence with other organizational factors Factual Ihram. Et. Al. (2002) investigated the relationships of the five dimensions of emotional intelligence: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, Emma-thy, and social skills of supervisors to subordinates' strategies of handling conflict: problem solving and bargaining. Data (N = 1 ,395) for this study were collected with questionnaires from MBA students in seven countries (U. S. , Greece, China, Bangladesh, Hong Kong and Macaw, South Africa, and Portugal).The results in the U. S. Suggested that self- awareness is positively associated with agglutination, empathy, and social skills; self regulation is positively associated with empathy and social skills; empathy and social kills are positively associated with motivation; which in turn, is positively associated with problem solving strategy and negatively associated with bargaining strategy. Differences among countries in these relationships were noted and implications for organizations discussed. [1 1] Brewer,et. L(2012) examined different models of emotional intelligence with respect to capability, competency, and traits. It offered a comparison of emotional intelligence with other leadership styles and the associate d skill sets which can be both learned and taught. It discussed the implications of emotional intelligence as to organizational culture wherein examined are the applicability of business models with other theories of emotional intelligence. Detailed are information on the ability and mental model of emotional intelligence which can be achieved at four levels from infancy to adulthood.Gulling trip also carried out study on emotional intelligence on the different model of emotional intelligent with respect to capability, competency,trait. Laura. Et. Al. (2011) examined the effects of emotional intelligence on getting along and getting ahead leadership behaviors at work. The results found room an analysis of a dataset derived from a 3600 leadership behavior survey effect on collaborative behaviors at work, and collaborative behaviors directly affect the inspirational side of leadership performance.Floret Elizabeth also visualized the study and examined the effects of emotional intellig ence on getting ahead leadership behavior at work. Gardenia. Et. Al(2012) conducted a study to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and agility of the workforce in order to determine how indicators of emotional intelligence facilitate the agility at the individual level. Statistical Population of this study included managers, supervisors and staffs of food companies and the simple random sampling method was used. The survey results have showed that emotional intelligence factors have an impact on workforce agility.The results also have revealed that factors which are related to interpersonal competence (Self-awareness, self-control and self-motivation) have more effects on the agility than factors which are related to social competence (empathy and relation management) and have a greater role in workforce agility changes. Toadied Massey. Et. Al (2010) assessed a study to investigate the relationship twine emotional intelligence and variety of organizational po wers among them is one of the research goals. Pearson correlation and a questionnaire were the tools used to collect data.The results shown that there is a directionally positive relationship between emotional intelligence and the tendency to admittance of expert and referent power. Moreover, there is a reverse relationship between emotional intelligence and the tendency to admittance of coercive power, legitimate power and reward power. Should Stayed. Et. Al (2010) demonstrated a study to measure the effect of emotional intelligence and [12] ender on Job satisfaction in three different governmental organizations in Egypt (Information and Decision Support Center (ODDS), Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MIMIC) and (N.B.).A survey method was used to gather 48 questionnaires from employees who have worked in the three organizations. It employed a linear regression with emotional intelligence and gender as the independent variable. The results lead that employees w ho are of high emotional intelligence are more satisfied with their work more than the employees who are of low emotional intelligence. The outcomes of testing the research hypotheses showed here major findings: First, gender has insignificantly influenced with Job satisfaction, second, emotional Intelligence significantly influences with Job satisfaction.Third, emotional intelligence and gender interact to influence with Job satisfaction. Emotional Intelligence at the Workplace: The benefits of applying El in the workplace may include higher tolerance for stress, better people management skills and more effective performance as part of a team (Killeen, 1996). Researches have also showed the linkages between Job satisfaction and El. Higher levels of El predicted higher levels of Job satisfaction and stronger inspections with co-workers and supervisors (Abraham, 1999).Fisher (2000) linked emotions and moods with Job satisfaction. Recently, Cote and Morgan (2002) found that amplificat ion of positive emotions increased Job satisfaction while suppression of unpleasant emotions decreased Job satisfaction. The El construct has important (Cooper and Safe, 1997) . In the organization domain, several studies examine the relevance and prevalence of emotional intelligence in the context of the corporate sector.Sings (2003) compared Japanese and Indian managers and concluded that Japanese managers were high on thinking, while Indian managers were high on leaning. Further it has been argued that since Indians, by and large have high affiliation need, this needs to be tapped effectively through the appropriate use of the concept of El that yields enhancement in productivity. This shows that the need of El is not uniform across occupations. The relationship of El was studied with leadership effectiveness, success and Job satisfaction among Indian army officers by Survivalist (2003).It was found that emotionally more intelligent army officers adopted a transformational style of leadership to motivate their subordinates to perform beyond expectations. They also perceived them to be more successful in their careers. Highs (2004) have studied the relationship between [13] emotional intelligence and performance in UK call centers. To explore the relationship between the El of call center agents and ratings of their performance, a sample of 289 agents from three organizations was studied.Results included a strong relationship between overall El and individual performance as well as between several El elements from the model and performance concluding that individuals having good emotional intelligence were better on their work performance. Another study examining the relationship of emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among 291 Indian army officers using a structured interview schedule was reported by Survivalist (2004). The result showed that the overall regression equation between the dimensions of El as predictors and Job satisfaction as criterion variable was not significant.This result suggested that El does not contribute towards satisfaction with the Job. Whereas, other researches have showed the linkages between Job satisfaction and El. Higher levels of El predicted higher levels of Job satisfaction and stronger connections with co-workers and supervisors Abraham,1999; Kahn, 1990). Vender Zee and Wave (2004) examined the usefulness of trait emotional intelligence among a sample of 1,186 top managers who filled out questionnaires for emotional intelligence and were evaluated by a consultant on their competencies.Three higher order factors were found to underlie the Bar-on emotional quotient Inventory (Bar-On,1997): Sense of accomplishment, empathy and playfulness. On the whole, top managers scored higher on the El dimensions compared with a general population sample. High El scores were particularly found among managers from enterprising occupational environments hat is environments dominated by activities that entail pe rsuading the leading others to attain organizational goals or economic gain.Another review was reported by Giddier, Matthews and Roberts (2004) for conceptualizations and empirical evidence in support of emotional intelligence and its claimed role in the occupational environment. Consideration is given to the purported status of El in occupational and career assessment (with particular emphasis on personal selection and placement), Job performance, and satisfaction. Overall this review demonstrates that recent

Painting Compare & Contrast Essay

In the painting, Brooklyn Bridge by Joseph Stella and the photo Brooklyn Bridge by Walker Evans a comparison of the two artistic figures, colors utilized, perception, painting verses film, and the mood each creates reveals that the oil on canvas that Joseph Stella is the more interesting presentation of the Brooklyn Bridge. The two artists portray the same subject in two totally different ways that change the mind and artistic finding of their audiences. The painting and the film depict the same bridge with different artistic views. The painting by Joseph Stella uses an assortment of colors while the film by Walker Evans is black and white. The film depicts a more realistic representation of the Brooklyn Bridge, while the painting embodies a more creative aspect of the Brooklyn Bridge. The colors Stella chose to use are a variety of different shades of blue, green, yellow, white, black, purple, and red. While using colors, the artist has the ability to create an entirely imaginative illustration of their focus. When Evans chose to use a black and white Gelatin silver print depiction of the Brooklyn Bridge, he restricted his ability to create an artistic view of it because he is only able to capture exactly what is seen through the lens of the camera. Evans was able to be creative by the choice of using black and white. The colors used in the film by Evans and the painting by Stella also create the mood of their audience. Stella uses vibrant and bright colors, which set an exciting and happy mood for the individual who is looking at it. When using bright colors, Stella was able to captivate her audience and make them feel welcome and blissful. Whenever eyes see something bright and colorful, a person’s mood can change in such a positive way. The vibrant colors chosen gave the audience the ability to see the Brooklyn Bridge in such a positive  light. Evans chose to use black and white, which creates a dull and dark mood for an audience. Black and white photos have the tendency to alter the audience’s mood and turn for the negative. When looking at Evans film of the Brooklyn Bridge, it appears to be dark, gloomy, and sad looking. The black and white colors chosen give off such negative vibes and can make an audience never want to visit the Brooklyn Bridge because of the mood it illustr ates. Perspective plays a major role in an artist’s demonstration of their focus and their ability to show off their skills. The use of the worm’s view gives a different perspective of the same subject because of the placement and angle that comes from such. Stella’s use of the worm’s eye view gives the audience an asymmetrical and distinctive perspective of the Brooklyn Bridge that one would usually not see if they were to look at other images of such. Evans use of the birds eye perspective tends to take away from the creativity of the image because if they were to go visit the Brooklyn Bridge in person, they would not see that same view. Perspective is vital because it tends to give the audience a different angle method and also gives the audience a chance to fathom while viewing the artwork. The difference in perspectives in this instance, create two diverse interpretations of the bridge. The bird’s eye view Evans chose to use constructs the height and length in a non-realistic manner, generating a distant viewpoint. The worm’s eye view in Stella’s painting provides the audience a realistic vision of the size of the bridge by exhibiting length and height at a particular angle. In the painting, Brooklyn Bridge by Joseph Stella and the photo Brooklyn Bridge by Walker Evans a comparison of the two artistic figures, colors utilized, perception, painting verses film, and the mood each creates reveals that the oil on canvas that Joseph Stella is the more interesting presentation of the Brooklyn Bridge. The two artists portray the same subject in two totally different ways that change the mind and artistic finding of their audiences. The artists were completely different in the ideas and effects used to depict the Brooklyn Bridge. They were both able to show their skills and artistic ability. Evans symmetrical, black and white,  life like film, and Stella’s vibrant bright colors, asymmetric painting were great depictions of the same Brooklyn Bridge. Work Cited Evans, Walker. â€Å"Brooklyn Bridge, New York, 1929.† Picturing America. Ed. Meredith Hindley. Washington: National Endowment for the Humanities, 2008. 69. Print. Stella, Joseph. â€Å"Brooklyn Bridge.† Picturing America. Ed. Meredith Hindley. Washington: National Endowment for the Humanities, 2008. 69. Print.

Themonstersaredueonmaplestreet

Once the object flies overhead, the machinery and technology in the neighborhood begins to fail; the cars won't start, the phones don't work, and the power grid for the homes goes dark. Though there may be many different messages to interpret with this particular episode, I believe the main one to leap out at us is this: if technology fails us, we resort to our primal instincts and chaos ensues. This is evident when a young boy in the neighborhood hypothesizes that the object overhead is some sort of alien craft, and that the aliens won't let any of them leave the neighborhood.The boy goes on to mention that in a comic book that he read, only the aliens sent down before the spacecraft would be able to leave the town and that they would look and act just like one of them (humans). I would personally find this idea a farce, but the neighborhood entertains this idea after a man disappears to investigate the next block over and doesn't return for hours. At this point, mass hysteria begin s to take hold.The neighborhood becomes suspicious of their neighbors and begins to ostracize one another to figure out who the invaders are. When one neighbors car starts on its own, the mob is quick to question why his car works but theirs don't. Another neighbor points out that she often sees the man standing out in his yard late at night, gazing up into the sky as if he were looking for something. Accusations continue to be passed around, with each neighbor pointing out something suspicious about the other.Are we beginning to see the theme here? As night falls, paranoia has taken over. Though some might argue that it would likely take more than one day for neighbors to act so rashly, its easy to e that in this confusion of an inexplicable event how effectively The Twilight Zone fast-forwards the like-minded mob mentality to communicate the episode's message. A figure appears in the street, and one man–thinking it to be some sort of invader-?raises a gun and kills the figu re for all the mob to see.It's revealed to us that the figure was no monster at all, just the innocent neighbor that went to investigate the other blocks only couple of hours earlier. At this point, the mob accuses the man who shot their neighbor that he's the real monster-?maybe he wanted them dead all along. They throw stones at him and more chaos ensues. At the end of the episode the camera pans out to a spacecraft perched on a hill overlooking the neighborhood. Two aliens look on as the neighborhood rips itself apart.They discuss how easily man can be manipulated when you take away their technology and how quickly they turn on one other in times of great panic. The episode concludes with them mentioning how easy it will be to conquer the species with this knowledge in hand. Personally I think The Twilight Zone did an excellent job of showcasing how quickly we can turn on one another in times of crisis. In my own experience with the military, I've been in several situations where something went wrong and people began looking for others to blame.

Strategic Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management Accounting - Essay Example A Ltd operates in a very stable environment wherein there is hardly any variation in the different activities of the business like sales, inventory, closing stock, demand and profit. B Ltd on the other hand operates in a very dynamic environment. There are huge variations in the different activities of business continuously for which deciding a single course of action would be very difficult. Whether in stability or dynamism, zeroing on the suitable approach of forecasting and budgeting is imperative. Initiating the suitable course of budgeting helps the management to direct its employees in the desired manner. There are many types of budgeting like the traditional, performance, zero based etc. As A Ltd operates in a non-dynamic environment, traditional approach sounds to be an apt option for it. Traditional approach of budgeting: It is a procedure of forecasting contingencies and planning to overcome those situations effectively. It starts with the: Assumptions to be considered: Dev eloping up of assumptions and plans to mitigate those circumstances- The assumptions could be mostly economic in nature. Some of the economic considerations could be in terms of inflation rate, growth rate, exchange rate, interest rate etc. For example, if there is high inflation, the demand of our product could be low (Unless our product is a necessity). This implies an inverse proportion also as in the case of high interest rate. Similarly, the demand of our product is directly proportional to growth and exchange rate of that particular region. Once these assumptions are laid out, course of action plans which should be taken to control these situations have to be well drawn out in the form of budgets. (Chandra.P, 2006) Approval of the plan: It is like succeeding in the endeavor of convincing the management to take up a particular course of action. As such, a standard path has to be outlined to prepare a successful budget report as follows: Plan Administration: Senior officials of operations along with finance executives should get involved while execution of budgets. The plan should involve all related resources like HR, Technical etc. Planning Profit: Optimum production volume and desired profit have to be ascertained by considering the unit sale price, volume, mix, and cost of production per unit, research and competitive forces of markets. Operational strategies which could be alternatively followed in place of the current plan also have to be examined and the best one has to be selected. These plans usually deal with the realities of plan execution like objective, description of plan, assignment of responsibility, costs expected, need for research and deadlines for each stage and the expected results of those efforts. Planning for contingencies: In case of any contingencies, crisis response also has to be planned to mitigate the loss. Continuous observation of warning signals has to be undertaken. Once all these rigorous efforts have been taken up, by al l the functional departments namely sales, production, marketing, HR, Research, sales etc. all these budgets would be combined to form a master budget which would be approved for implementation purposes. (Shim.J.K& Siegel.J.G, 2009) Comparison of Budgets: After the budget period commences, the actual results of all the planned budgets have to be called for on a regular basis.

I AM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I AM - Essay Example Hence, this paper will look at the seven â€Å"I Am† statements of Jesus, and will elaborate on the following points: (1) where do these statements occur; (2) the significance of these statements; (3) how do these statements fit into the Gospel of John; and (4) are there old testament contexts of them. New International Version (John 6:35) states â€Å"Then Jesus declared, ‘I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to me will never go hungry, and whoever believes in me will never be thirsty.† This particular statement reveals a significant contextual reference from the Old Testament. The Bible says, â€Å"Then the Lord says to Moses, ‘I will rain down bread from heaven for you. The people are to go out each day and gather enough for that day. In this way, I will test them and see whether they will follow my instructions.’† (NIV, Exodus 16: 4). Further, Exodus 16:13-18 underscores not just God’s mere provision for human needs but also to deliver lesson pertaining to â€Å"the bread of life† that the world badly needs to hear today (Wiersbe 29).The statement was intended to serve as a representation of the Messiah. Any person who consumes and takes Him will lose notion of spiritual hunger. Just like the Manna that was talked about in Exodus 16, everyone who will look for Him will definitely find Him; nevertheless, a binding between humanity and God should be initially established. The Lord said in John 15:27-71 that He affords the world with the bread of life, and that bread of life is Jesus Christ who will soon bring order and peace to the world, and would eventually reunite the sinful world back to Him (29). This posits a subtle point that what the world needs is Jesus, and that He is the only bread of life (29). The next â€Å"I Am† statement can be found in John 8:12-59. John’s scriptural and circumstantial objective is to

HISTORY OF AMERICAN CAPITALISM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HISTORY OF AMERICAN CAPITALISM - Assignment Example Because of the American culture; our teaching methods and the fact, the winner holds the reins few if any one realizes that the South is still under reconstruction; is still at war and still at the mercy of the North. A very famous Southerner before he died said, â€Å"Surrender means the history of this heroic struggle will be written by the enemy that our youths will be taught by Northern School teachers learn from Northern school books THEIR version of the war†. 3. What was the background to the creation of the 2nd Bank of the United States? What was the main responsibility of the bank? What role did Nicolas Biddle play? What were his main policies? What was Andrew Jackson’s policy concerning the bank? In the early 1800s, the United States government did not print paper money but instead minted gold and silver coins called specie. The value of these coins was determined by the value of the metal in the coins themselves. People wanted a safe place to keep their savings of gold and silver coins, so they stored them in banks, which had strong vaults and other measures of security. One area of particular concern among bankers, businessmen, and government leaders was banking on the frontier. Frontier land was cheap, and speculators would buy large tracts expecting the price to go up as settlers entered the region. In order to finance their investments, speculators borrowed as much as they could from â€Å"wildcat† bank that sprang up to cater to this demand (Mansel and Kerr, 17-26). Jackson’s presidential term ended in 1836. Popular with the people to the end, his immediate economic legacy was fiscal instability for the country, which resulted in the Panic of 1837 during his successor, Martin Van Buren’s, presidency. His unshakable opinion remained, however, that over the long term an immensely powerful national bank held in private hands was a danger to democracy. Revenue Tariff for revenue pays interest on debts and funds within the government while

Data analysis report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Data analysis - Lab Report Example Further, his/her intentions (both planned and whished were collected in addition to the probability and confidence of stopping smoking for participants from the four countries. The probability of not stopping smoking is very high for those who feel that smoking is very positive, pleasant and enjoyable despite that fact that they agree that smoking is harmful to one’s health. Planned behavior at time affects the real actions of a research participant. The Theory of Planned Behaviour is the model proposed for use in the determination of smokers’ attitude and the plans to sop smoking in the near future. According to Ajzen and Driver (1991), ones attitudes and behaviour towards a certain habit determine the future relations of the person and the habit. Quoting the example of smokers and their habits, Conner (1993) focuses on the social well-being of the person as a concrete part of the habits arguing that they have a strong bearing on the social well being of an individual. Accountability on the other hand is a very complicated variable which really contributes to the habit-person relationship since ones belief on how to handle certain situations determine future actions significantly (Dejoy and Wilson (1995); DeVellis et al. (1990); Godin et al. (1993)). Further, many other conditions exist which have been and others are being discussed and evaluated. Some of these are behaviour related where the person is evaluated by investigating his/her attitudes towards certain behaviours. For example, in this case the behaviour is smoking while the attitudes include smoking being a positive thing, smoking being pleasant, smoking being good or bad and smoking being enjoyable (Fiore (1992); Godin et al. (1992); Joreskog and Sorbom (1993); Hellman et al. (1993); Heatherton et al (1993)). The other belief to habits is included in the situation where a person is subjected to a certain condition and then