Philosophy Reflection Paper - 2173 Words

PHIL 102 Introduction to Philosophy was the first philosophy class I have ever taken. Before this class I had no idea what the study of philosophy truly was, even after this class I am still a little unclear. This class brought on a whole new way of thinking that I was not use to. This class challenged me to grasp even the simplest of concepts that we learned. So right now to say I am philosophically inclined would be false, but I think over time and more classes I could have a better understanding of the topic. It is hard for me to say whether I am clear or not in my philosophical positions because I am still struggling to understand even the basic ones, so how can you have a clear idea of something when you don’t understand it? In this†¦show more content†¦Thomas Aquinas. The teleological is an argument from design, that the universe was designed by an intelligent creator and one of St. Thomas Aquinas’s five proofs for the existence of God. The two main premi ses for this argument is that the universe is complex and within it contains many things that exhibit signs of purpose and design, and that the only thing that could have caused these complexities that we see in the universe comes from an intelligent mind which would lead to an intelligent creator. One of the reasons I believe this argument to be true is the state of Alaska, just looking out of my window it is hard to believe that something other than an intelligent creator designed everything out there. This argument often compares the human eye to that of a watch. A watchmaker is an intelligent designer who puts thought and effort into every single piece of the watch, as an intelligent designer put thought and effort into the human eye. One of the arguments we covered that challenged by belief the most during the philosophy of religion was the problem of evil. The problem of evil is an argument for the non-existence of God. The basis of the argument is that no God who is omnibenevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent would let such unnecessary natural and moral evil and suffering happen. Using the evidence of unnecessary moral and natural evil and suffering there is no God. If God wasShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Philosophy730 Words   |  3 Pagesof college, my optimism regarding philosophy and taking a philosophy course has drastically grown. I have always been enthusiastic towards philosophy and willing to take the course; however, it never really occurred to me how influential philosophy actually is. As a result of taking a philosophy class, I have had a plethora of epiphanies and realizations about myself and have had the opportunity to develop my own opinions and philosophical beliefs. In this paper I am go ing to discuss these opinionsRead MoreReflection And Philosophy Paper On Ethics1284 Words   |  6 PagesReflection and Philosophy Paper Michael Odom Institution Affiliation â€Æ' Reflection and Philosophy Paper In my personal and professional life, I have found that I subscribe to Deontology for an ethical theory. However, I did not come to hold this belief through detailed introspection in a moral philosophy classroom. Rather, it was part of the values that were inculcated in me by my father throughout my childhood. In particular, he always insisted on the importance of thinking about my actions inRead MoreReflection Paper On Educational Philosophy991 Words   |  4 Pages Jaiden G. Campbell Spring 2017 EDUC 2002 Orientation to Teaching Beginning Educational Philosophy Paper  The last, and I’ll admit first, twenty years of my life have given me at least a handful of experiences and reflection in developing the begining of my educational philosophy. For the last seventeen years I have been a student and as I observed my teachers and classmates I often thought to myself, â€Å" What would Ms. Campbell do?† When I think of â€Å"education† it reminds me building a homeRead MoreReflection Paper On Life Philosophy1246 Words   |  5 PagesLife Philosophy Paper Introduction Who you are fuels who you are as a counselor, however, I recognize that I cannot let my own opinions, values, and beliefs cloud my care for others. Self-exploration and discovery should help to keep me from imposing my belief system upon those that I care for. The personal values and experiences I have developed over time will enable me to honestly empathize with many diverse cultural belief systems. I am not one to judge or jump to conclusions, instead I likeRead MoreReflection Paper On Educational Philosophy1530 Words   |  7 PagesEducational philosophy varies person to person. I have the opportunity in my practicum to not only see one, but two educators with philosophies much different from my own. Now, understanding that one of these educators is in her final stages of her educator program, I will still refer to her as an educator in this instance. I feel she is making a big impact on these kids, weather good or bad is out of my hands, but she definitely makes the dynamics of the class room unique. Mr. Sam (teacher) andRead MorePersonal Philosophy Reflection Paper1388 Words   |  6 Pageshave parent workshops on positive discipline and promote parent community involvement and positive public relations. Building relationships and partnerships with the community are something that I need to work on and is one of my goals. 4. Civic Reflection I have learned that the school setting functions as a community, whether you are the parent, teacher, administrator, custodian or bus driver. Every person involved in the development of a child can help build their character and contribute toRead MorePersonal Philosophy Reflection Paper1203 Words   |  5 PagesFor the past six weeks, I learned how philosophy has influenced the world globally. Learning that when human beings voice their thoughts with others, they receive a chance to change the world, especially if one person speaks one on one, one personage can change the world of one body. My belief in the power of language is strengthened by philosophy. This philosophy course has encouraged me to share my opinions that are not influenced by other peers or older adults, but to deeply reflect and researchRead MoreMulticultural Philosophy Reflection Paper744 Words   |  3 Pagesteachers, we want our students to be open to learning new ideas, and as a teacher I will have that same eagerness that I want from my students. As a teacher, I am open to learning from my students and my peers, and incorporating new ideas into my philosophy of education. I am always open for change that will better me and the students that I will teach. My ultimate responsibility as a teacher is to educate, motivate, and inspire students to value learning for a lifetime. W.B. Yeats stated it perfectlyRead MorePersonal Cultural Reflection Philosophy Paper – Michael1148 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Cultural Reflection Philosophy Paper – Michael Travis i. Introduction: ii. Exploration: I would describe myself as someone with a deep understanding of self, someone who can recognize and yield meaning from all of the life’s experiences, both the good and the bad. Viktor Frankl said, â€Å"if there is a meaning in life at all, then there must be a meaning in suffering.† From my experiences of personal and family tragedies, I know that suffering is part of life and is unavoidable, it is asRead MorePhilosophy Moral Foundations 154 : Reflection Paper Essay1809 Words   |  8 PagesPhilosophy Moral Foundations 154 Dr. Weislogel 12/2/16 Reflection Paper Solving and analyzing problems has been at the forefront of philosophical studies. They tend to solve problems no other artist can solve. Most people are able to solve a simple problem until it becomes a moral problem. A problem which has two perspectives often calls for a person to make sensible decisions. Their decision may determine not only their stance on ethics, but it also determines their ability to think clearly

What We All Long For By Dionne Brand - 1645 Words

The novel What We All Long For by Dionne Brand is another racially and culturally dynamic story about the struggles of a Vietnamese/Canadian girl named Tuyen. Tuyen’s story is related to the struggles that her family had undergone when escaping Vietnam and losing her brothers in transit. Over the years, Tuyen s brother, Quy, has become a gangster in Thailand, which brings a clash of values to the family. Tuyen is a young woman that tends to view herself as being between the vain world of her parent’s middle class lifestyle, and the chaotic world of Quy’s criminal lifestyle. In this manner, Tuyen brings a postmodern appeal to the story, since she finds an ambiguous balance between the well-to-do lifestyle of her parents and the lower class world that Quy has had to survive since he was separated from his family. This family tension defines Tuyen’s struggle with her father as part of the capitalistic mentality of Asian immigrants that she rebels against by living in lower class apartment. In some ways, Tuyen is a protagonist that embodies the freedoms of a postmodernist hero because she does not give into the temptation of wealth, nor does she give into the criminality and shame that is typically associated with the lower classes. For instance, Tuyen’s father, Binh, does not like to visit his daughter because she has chosen to live in a downtrodden apartment complex: Cam would have liked to visit her daughter, but Tuyen’s father had forbidden it†¦Binh refused to go up to theShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis: What We All Long For by Dionne Brand1609 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿What We All Long For describes the challenges of establishing identity in a place disconnected from your national and cultural origins. However, this novel is full of descriptions of streets and neighborhoods in Toronto. How do characters navigate these and how does their relationship to spaces shape or affect their sense of identity? The city, Toronto in this case, presents a web of streets and geographical space that threatens to lock its citizens in a certain demarcated way of life and conductRead MoreExploring Influence on Identity in Dionne Brand’s What We All Long For1337 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever gone to Chinatown supposing to find a culture full of African Americans? Probably not, because that is not where they’re expected to be. We live in a world where colonies of different colored people are expected, or otherwise discriminated into populating distinct spaces; African Americans are supposed to be in the ghetto, Chinese belong in Chinatown, and Caucasians reserve more elite communities. For centuries, each race has been striving to belong in a society where people are acceptedRead MoreDionne Brands Blues Spiritual for Mammy Prater and Margaret Atwoods This Is a Photograph of Me961 Words   |  4 Pagessituation or someone in particular, we as a society are told not to judge a boo k by its cover, not to judge someone until getting to know him or her, or without discovering the underlying message. In Dionne Brand’s, Blues Spiritual for Mammy Prater and Margaret Atwood’s, This Is a Photograph of Me, both texts must be looked at in-depth before jumping to any conclusions. Both authors incorporate photography to paint a picture for their readers. By doing so, Brand defines slavery through an artisticRead MoreTlc Music Analysis1174 Words   |  5 Pagessame, you cant tell the difference, but just listen to the originals. The remakes honestly serve no purpose, and the instrumentals sound like the work of a YouTube amateur. All in all, the album isnt deserving of being self-titled or a bookend (the group says this is their final record). Its not even close to resembling what TLC was or is. If a teenager with no recollection of TLCs prime came across it, theyd perceive the group as corny and overhyped. Even if this project came from a genuine placeRead MoreTransformational Leadership s Influence On Employee Engagement And Organisational Performance1573 Words   |  7 Pagesmotivation, intellectual stimulation and individualised consideration. Observations have been made across these many studies about the transformational leadership’s influence on employee engagement and organisational performance. In this assignment, we intended to critically assess how well-known transformational business leaders have managed to achieve company-oriented objectives by improving employee engagement and organisational performance with the use of Bass’s (1985) transformational pillarsRead MoreBehavior Transf ormation Assessments and Their Influence5976 Words   |  24 Pagesof the person. The model verifies all the measures which have been mentioned in previous studies and demonstrate the way the achievement of every stage has been essential for not just its completion but the suitable start of the subsequent stage (Catania et al, 1990). The labelling means the acknowledgement of the issue; the persistence to the phase of planning to take care of the issue; as well as, the enactment towards the action applied. Within this paper we are going to primarily emphasizeRead More frank sinatra Essay2820 Words   |  12 Pages Immortality is defined as eternal life. Frank Sinatra is one who will live forever. His music, his movies, his attitude, his eyes, whatever it is you remember him for, all the same, he IS greatness. Few people come along in the course of life that can be labeled great, Frankie is the symbol of greatness. Tens of millions of recordings, nine Grammys and two Academy Awards, over 60 films, worldwide tours, television specials, hundreds of millions of dollars raised for charities. Sinatra passed theRead MoreEssay on Net Neutrality10450 Words   |  42 PagesBusiness Information VOLUME 27 ISSUE 26 PAGE NUMBERS 22 LINK --- Somehow, the Web not only survived, but thrived. The ability of Web sites to make money produced a lot of failures in the dot.com rush. But it also produced lasting, powerhouse brands. Most notably eBay, Google and Yahoo. Now, these Internet giants want to freeze the commercial Internet in place. Theyre fearful that the two main providers of Internet access, telephone and cable companies, will block access to sites thatRead MoreTraining and Development Literature Review Essay14850 Words   |  60 Pagescurrent traditional training continuously facing the challenges in the selection of the employees, in maintaining the uncertainty related to the purpose and in introducing new tactics for the environment of work and by recognizing this, they advising on all the problems, which reiterates the requirement for flexible approach. Usually the managers have the choice to select the best training and development programme for their staff but they always have to bear in mind that to increase their chances ofRead MoreEthical and Social Issues in Information Systems20165 Words   |  81 Pagescenter picks up GPS information from the tracking devices and monitors the locations of the buses on video screens. Most of the monitoring is automated, and the S3 staff intervenes primarily in emergencies. S3 maintains each day’s tracking data for long periods, and clients can access historical tracking data if they wish. S3 provides detailed information to the D.C. public schools: each bus’s route throughout the day, when the bus stops, when the doors open and close, the speed, and when the ignition

Adolescence Infancy And Childhood Development - 890 Words

Infancy and Childhood Development When babies are born, their brains are ready to learn. As they learn, their brains grow. This helps them learn about the world around them. This also gives them a chance to explore the world around them in new ways. Exploring and trying things out is how babies learn. Although brain development is natural, there is a lot more to it than developing on its own. Brain development comes from moms, dads, siblings, aunts, uncles, caregivers and just the people around the babies. We help babies learn about the world around them. We give babies chances to touch, taste, see, hear, and smell as they can. We give them chances to do and learn many of things. We just have to do the right things that support brain development, such as, being caring and supportive, paying attention to the babies, giving them what they need, and providing a rich learning environment. In this essay I will focus on what babies and toddlers need from caregivers for normal brain development. Communication is key for babies and brain development. Communication sets a positive mood for babies, gives them self-confidence, independence in new task, cooperativeness and prevents them from engaging in bad behavior. Communication is important because it reflects on everyday events. This helps babies and toddlers build an internal mental life with a cultural worldview. This also prepares them for literacy. The more you speak to your children, the better vocabulary they will have. InShow MoreRelatedParenting Style Affects Our Lifelong Brain Development Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pages(1983), four parenting styles are established: authoritative, neglectful, permissive, and authoritarian. Most of us spend at least 18 years or longer with our parent(s) so it leads to a question that if parenting style affects our lifelong brain development. Authoritative parents are demanding and responding. They are being supportive, accepting, and child centred. Authoritarian parents are highly demanding and not responding. They give orders to their children, require them to obey it, and followRead MoreThe Birth Weight Of A Newborn1261 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the moment a newborn is birthed into the world they begin their physical development at a larger rate than any other period of their life. The first year of life is full of rapid physical growth in all aspects such as weight, height, limb lengths and even the physical growth of internal organs. On average, the birth weight of a newborn will double by the time they reach six months old and triple at the end of their first year of life. While weight is steadily increasing there is also an expansionRead More7 Stages of Development1002 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Assignment 2: Human Development There are seven stages a human moves through during his or her life span. These stages include infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and old age. Infancy is recognized as the stage of life from a human s birth up until he or she learns how to speak: generally until the age of one or two. During this stage, the child transitions from a dependent toddler to a relatively active child; he or she is typicallyRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Theory : Development Of Ego Identity1293 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences throughout one’s whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. The ego was taken from Freud’s theory. Erikson added three stages to Freud’s psychosexual theory. His theory has a total of eight major stages. The stages begin with infancy and end with old age. In this essay, I will discuss, the major components of Erikson’s psychosocial theoryRead MoreCurrent Perspectives Of Psychology And Human Development Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pages INTRODUCTION This Individual Development Narrative discusses various factors relating to theories of lifespan development from birth through to my adolescent stage. This includes looking at the understanding and major theoretical perspectives of psychology and human development, its process and the influences of domains on human development across the lifespan and how they interrelate. The domains of development including Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Socio-cultural /or moral. Also some ofRead MoreNegative and Positive Effects of Peer Relationships1564 Words   |  7 Pageshealthy development, helping children through peer pressure, acceptance, and the anxiety of belonging. Yet how important is the environment that a child is raised on, this being shared or non-shared? How difficult or easy can peer pressure be? Will peer pressure help or deter a child from being functional. How much do these factors affect development from childhood to adolescence? This paper will explain the different s tages of childhood to adolescence, and how a child and adolescence copes withRead MorePsychology1413 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- Childhood to Adolescence Development ------------------------------------------------- Monica Rodriguez-Sosa ------------------------------------------------- University of Houston – Downtown Introduction As we age and grow in life, we constantly change in many different aspects. It is natural for humans to develop new ways of thinking, being, and feeling. At childhood, we might have show certain behaviors that we do not show in adolescence. Not only does our behaviorRead MoreA Parent s Role On Child Development804 Words   |  4 Pageskindergarten. They watch them grow through school, where they will make new friends, go on dates and get their driver s license. During this time, the parent role adjusts to their child s needs, giving support, guidance and love along the way. During infancy, a parent s role is that of nurturer and provider. It is a parent s primary function to respond to the needs of the child. They are responsible for the everyday care of the infant, such as eating, diapering and bathing. From these day to day interactionsRead MoreImportance of Nutrition in Human Development923 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Importance of Nutrition to Development: Nutrition is described as an interdisciplinary science that emphasizes on the study of nutrients, foods, health, and other food constituents. In the past few years, knowledge regarding the field has been growing rapidly to an extent that it has become large. The importance of nutrition is driven by the fact that every human being requires a set of essential nutrients though the amount of the nutrients may vary depending on certain factors. Some of theseRead MoreLifespan Development And Psychological Theories1325 Words   |  6 Pages 1) Lifespan development and psychological theories 2) â€Æ' 1.1 The stages of a lifespan is infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and older adult. Infancy is before childhood when they are babies, describes the growth and development of the child from about the fourth week through the second year of life. (reference FROM http://www.education.com/reference/article/infant-development-stage-period/) . Childhood is the time before you turn 13, childhood is the stage between infancy and puberty.

At The Beginning Of This Year, The Movie Split Came Out

At the beginning of this year, the movie Split came out in theaters. It was largely talked about because it portrays a man who struggles with severe Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). This form of mental illness is also known as Multiple Personality Disorder. It is a more extreme mental illness and is not as common as other illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder. Psychology Today defines DID as: â€Å"Dissociative identity disorder is a severe condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—and alternately take control of—an individual. Some people describe this as an experience of possession. The person also experiences memory loss that is too extensive to be explained by†¦show more content†¦Dissociative Identity Disorder is a difficult illness to diagnose because many of the symptoms can reflect other disorders at first. Since it is such a complex disease, diagnosing a person with it is not a quick and easy process. It typically takes close to a decade to become a definite diagnosis. A major indicator is an individual having two or more distinct personalities or â€Å"alters†. The alters can be different races, genders, ages, or even animals. Each personality has his or her own mannerisms, accents, postures, and gestures. These split personalities take over the original individual’s personality. This leads to the person losing the ability to recall what happened during the switch. Each personality will have different memories and the ability to recall different things that have happened during that one personality having control at the time. When a switch happens, that personality has complete control of the person’s behavior, actions, and thoughts. The period of switching can happen in a moment or even days. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has a helpful guide to diagnose someone with DID. â€Å"Two or more distinct identities or personality states are present, each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self. Amnesia must occur, defined as gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/orShow MoreRelatedAmericanism as a Generational Divide Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the strongest aspects of this is in community bonds. Judaism as a religion and as a culture focuses more strongly on family and personal relationships than on the individual. â€Å"A large part of Jewish law is about the relationship between man and his neighbors† (Rich). Conversely, the foundations of America were created on independence from Britain, and American identity puts a great deal of respect and importance on self-reliance. While in American culture this ability is exalted as es sentialRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie Platoon was based upon the 25th infantry division stationed in Vietnam during 1967. The company was to patrol near the Cambodian border to prevent the North Vietnamese Army from controlling the southern half of the country. I believe that the movie Platoon portrayed the many conflicts that occurred throughout the Vietnam War. Not only was the war a big conflict for the United States, but also there were different small beliefs about why we were fighting, how to fight in a foreign unknownRead MoreThe film Edward Scissorhands Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages Edward Scisscorhands directed by Tim Burton in the year 1990 is described as both a dark romantic fantasy and a gothic horror film. The film tells a story about Edward Scissorhands, the creation of an elderly inventor who dies before he can give Edward his normal hands in place of his scissor hands. Edward is taken from the mansion he lives in by a subur ban family in an attempt to live a ‘normal’ life. The public feared Edward in the beginning but after due time began to welcome him into the neighbourhoodRead MoreThe Media Of My Choice Was The Stanford Prison Experiment Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe media of my choice was the Stanford Prison Experiment movie. The movie gave an in-depth view on how the experiment came about and what happened during the process. Within this paper I will give details on what exactly the Stanford Prison Experiment was, different topics we learned over the course of Social Psychology that relate to the Stanford Prison Experiment and the affects it had on me and could have on others. The Stanford Prison Experiment took place August 14-20th 1971. It was an experimentRead MoreTeamwork And Leadership : Remember The Titans1699 Words   |  7 Pagesof team development, are exemplified on multiple occurrences. This report will analyze these dynamics and provide examples of how they are displayed in the film. Advantages of Teams Throughout the film, there were many instances of the advantages of being part of a team. In this next section, we will be looking at a few examples. Firstly, being part of a team allows members to bond, support one another, and build new friendships. This was evident in the various training scenes. The difficulties theyRead MoreThe Beatles Band Music1735 Words   |  7 PagesKingdom. By the mid-1960s the Beatles were taking the world by storm and leading the British invasion of the United States music industry. Till this day the Beatles music is still being played around the world today. Known for being pioneers for rock n roll music in the 1960s the Beatles weren t always musical celebrities. Coming from humble beginnings in Liverpool, England John Lennon started his own band known as The Quarry Men. Lennon and his band performed at various venues around the LiverpoolRead MoreAnalysis Of Me, Myself, And Irene 1386 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter that is pushed beyond his limits within himself that causes him to have a dissociative identity disorder. The thing is this disorder probably could have been avoided if this character learned how to cope with stress. The movie focuses on the character named Charlie Baileygates who is a proud member of the Rhode Island State Police Department. In the beginning it seemed like Charlie had everything going for him, a town that respected what he was doing, a beautiful loving wife that he recentlyRead MoreSuzanne Collins The Hunger Games Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagesoldest form of literature after poetry is drama. Dramas have changed a lot over the years. They use to plays that were wrote to be performed in the theater, and now they are mostly written to be performed in a movie or a television show. There are many dramas today that most people would not considered to be drama. Before reading the information in our text book, I thought drama was basically just a story or movie between people who had problems with each other; but that’s not completely true. DramasRead MoreThe Psychology Behind the Film Primal Fear by: Gary a Baldwin Jr.1685 Words   |  7 PagesEdward Norton in the film direc ted by Gregory Hoblit in 1996 Titled â€Å"Primal Fear†. In this film Roy suffers from a psychological disorder. As we travel on this journey deep into the mind of this character, we will begin to unlock the secrets that lay within. Discovering what psychological disorder Roy suffers from, how he thinks and his thought process from a bio-psychological perspective, and treatments for this disorder using cognitive behavior therapy. â€Å"Primal Fear† is the story of a young manRead MoreWhat Makes Someone A Criminal?1461 Words   |  6 Pagescommunities eyes. Brotherly Love is a movie about a star basketball player named sergio and his friends and family. June is the oldest brother of his siblings and he takes care of them. In the laws eyes he is a criminal but in the eyes of the community and to his family he is just someone who is taking care of his family the only way he knows how. June is an outlaw hero for many reasons such as his age, looks, and his lack of care fo r laws. Brotherly Love is a movie about a the number one ranked basketball

Prons and Cons of Corporate Reporting free essay sample

We succinctly lay out arguments put forth both for and against the regulation of corporate disclosure and standard-setting. We then examine current developments suggesting that accounting standard-setting is at risk of becoming entangled in a web of political forces with potentially significant consequences. The crisis has brought into sharp focus the reality that the regulation of corporate reporting is just one piece of a larger regulatory configuration, and that forces are at play that would subjugate accounting standard-setting to broader regulatory demands.Recent actions by the European Commission relating to IFRS 9 and proposed legislation in the US Congress to create a systemic risk council serve to illustrate this point. We conclude by discussing in detail the recent fair value debate as a case study of the way in which bank regulatory policy and accounting standard-setting decisions were jointly determined as a potentially socially optimal means to mitigate the effects of th e financial crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on Prons and Cons of Corporate Reporting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keywords: regulation; corporate reporting; politics 1. IntroductionHistory attests to the influence of crisis and scandals as an impetus for regulatory intervention by politicians (Banner, 1997; Reinhart and Rogoff, 2008). After a series of scandals in the UK in the 1990s culminating in the collapse of Barings Bank, there was a dramatic shift in the structure of nnancial regulation that consolidated regulation responsibilities under the auspices of the Financial Services Authority. A wave of financial scandals epitomised by the Enron debacle catalysed swift and sweeping ciianges to US securities regulations with the passage of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.Today, in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007-2009, financial accounting standard-setting finds itself drawn into the orbit of complex political processes focused on restructuring the regulation of the worlds financial markets. The crisis has ignited woddwide debate on issues of systemic risk and the role played by fina ncial regulation in creating and exacerbating the crisis. Proposals abound for how regulation of financial markets and financial institutions should be changed to mitigate the potential †¢The authors are at Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina. This paper has been prepared for presentation and discussion at the Information for Better Markets Conference, sponsored by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales, 14-15 December 2009. We thank Dan Amiram, Mary Barth, Elieia Cowins, Martien Lubberink, Brian Singleton-Green and Steve Zeff for helpful comments. Correspondence should be addressed to: Professor Robert Bushman, Kenan-Flagler Business School, The Unversity of North Carolina, CB #3490, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3490, USA. E-mail: [emailprotected] edu. for such large-scale financial meltdowns in the fixture.The scope of regulatory issues under debate spans many aspects of the financial system, including the alleged role played by financial accounting standards in deepening the trajectory of the crisis. The crisis has energised politicians, regulators, and economists to scrutinise financial accounting standards as never before, creating significant pressure for change (see, e. g. G-20, 2009). Given mounting momentum for potentially far reaching regulatory change, this is an opportune moment to step back and carefiilly consider how to organise the analysis of efticient regulatory choice.

Cognitive Development in Adolescents

Question: Discuss about the Cognitive Development in Adolescents. Answer: Introduction The lifespan perspective that I chose was adolescence which refers to the transitional phase from childhood to adulthood between the ages of 13 and 19 and the developmental characteristics that accompany these stage. Adolescents experience cognitive development characteristics and as presented by Jean Piaget in his theory of cognitive development, they include hypothetic-deductive reasoning which refers to the ability of the adolescent to think abstractly in a logical and scientific approach. The other characteristic is the imaginary audience awareness whereby the adolescents awareness of others is heightened and acquires the habit of observing, interpreting and judging others (Crain, 2015). Bronfenbrenners ecological theory has an impact on these characteristics in that the microsystem, the exosystem the mesosystem, and the macrosystem directly influence the cognitive development of an adolescent. The essay will discuss on hypothetic- deductive reasoning and imaginary audience aware ness development characteristic in adolescents. Lifespan of Perspectives The lifespan of the adolescents perspectives begins at the onset of puberty which is the early stage of adolescence and is carried forward for a long-term period of time that extends to the early adulthood or emerging adulthood. Emerging adulthood refers to the stage between adolescence and the full-fledged adulthood phase. It is usually between the ages of 18-25 where adolescents begin to explore various life possibilities and become more independent from their parents (Arnett, 2014) Hypothetic- deductive Reasoning During the lifespan perspective of adolescents, they experience hypothetic-deductive reasoning which entails thoughts about propositions that reflect on reality and imaginations then making inferences about the imagined incidences and finally interpreting the repercussions of the imagined affairs (Heckhausen and Schulz, 2015). There are mental simulations involved that help to explore the casual knowledge about the real world and puts into place the conditions and possibilities specified in the mental demeanor of an alternative existence and finally enables the adolescent to establish the possible outcome of their intended actions. According to Piaget in his theory of cognitive development, adolescents are capable of forming various hypotheses about reality and going ahead to test them out(Mahoney, 2015). The hypothetic-deductive model, lets the adolescent expect all logical consequences of acting on an imagined hypothesis. Adolescents can, therefore, reason systematically and object ively and estimate the various variables that may influence the possible outcomes. This theory helps us understand the unique way by which their imagination is based on an abstract reasoning system that brings about the hypothetical deductions and logical reasoning pertaining to a systematic objective of considerablepossible results (Labouvie, 2015). According to the research conducted by Rosa and Tudge(2013), the ability of hypothetic- deductive reasoning gives an individual the ability to solve problems by handling part of the problem. For instance, if an individual enters a dark room and tries to switchthe lights on which are not functional, the person makes the assumption that the bulb is not working. However after inserting the new bulb and still does not light, he will check if the light is plugged in, this is exactly how hypothetic- deductive reasoning works which are part of the developmental characteristics of adolescents. Impact of Bronfenbrenners Theory on Hypothetic-deductive Reasoning According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, adolescents cognitive development characteristics are greatly influenced by the environment one lives in as explained by Urie Bronfenbrenner in his ecological systems theory. Bronfenbrenners macrosystem is the most far-fetched and largest set of people to an adolescent and it entails matters such as the relative levels of freedom allowed by the authorities, cultural values or the economy. These factors can influence the adolescents hypothetic-deductive reasoning characteristic because they will have to put these ecological factors into consideration as they form an abstract hypothesis and deduce the possible results and consequences of their imagined reality (Shaffer and Kipp, 2013). Imaginary Audience Awareness The other cognitive developmental characteristic experienced by adolescents in their lifespan perspective is the imaginary audience awareness whereby an adolescent develops a new awareness of those around them due to the changes taking place in their bodies. It is an egocentric state where the adolescent imagines and feels that they are under the scrutiny of other people and this makes them be very self-conscious. Through their observations and interpretations of other peoples behavior, appearance, comments, and expressions they make reasonable conclusions regarding what the next person is thinking about or feeling(Arnett, 2014). In his theory, Piaget described egocentrism as confusion between the adolescents ego and the external world. He said that it features the cognitive characteristic whereby the person is not able to differentiate between their own preoccupations pertaining to self and what the others are really thinking of them. This theory helps us to understand the reasons a s to why during puberty, the early adolescence stage, egocentrism is highly influential on the social cognition of an adolescent (Weil, Fleming, Dumontheil, Kilford, Weil, Rees, Dolan, and Blakemore, 2013). Bronfenbrennersexosystem refers to all the people that an individual rarely interacts with but still has a large impact on them. These persons could be the entire neighborhood or the extended family members. The Microsystems is the adolescents immediate environment that comprises of the nuclear family, the church or the school. Additionally, the mesosystem refers to the different parts of the adolescents microsystem that work hand in hand for the sake of the adolescent (Blakemore, 2013). These ecological systems form the imaginary audience that the adolescent thinks that are constantly watching them and as a result, they become self-conscious and ego-centric (Berk, and Meyers, 2015). Therefore, the ability of an adolescent to develop appropriately will substantially depend on the environment. In addition, Labouvie (2015) argues that the imagery audience is a sensitive understanding of others which gives an individual the ability to make a concise judgment, observe, and interpret events. In adolescents, this characteristic develops over time as their bodies are changing. In this case, adolescents feel the analysis from others making them develop the same scrutiny towards other. Further, this trait makes adolescents start comparing themselves to others which make them develop the ability to notice their strengths and weaknesses (Larson, Uthando, and Armstrong, 2014). The theory of cognitive development by Piaget helps us to understand how an adolescent creates an abstract model of the world and how their perspectives are influenced by changes taking place in their bodies and their interaction with the environment. His theory has triggered thorough research in an attempt to gain a better understanding of adolescence cognitive development. A collaborative research study called the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study helps us understand the many factors that disrupt or enhance an adolescents intellectual growth. With the help of recent advances in technology, such studies can explore the environmental and biological factors that have an impact on adolescents cognitive development by incorporating functional and structural brain development, neuropsychology, behavioral and health assessments of the young people. As a result, we gain an understanding of the dramatic changes taking place in adolescents cognitive development by linking t he genetic and environmental impacts on their intellectual and brain development. Conclusion To sum up, the cognitive developments in an adolescent are the hypothetic-deductive reasoning and the imaginary audience awareness which can be explained using Piagets theory of cognitive development in adolescents. This theory together with extensive research studies helps us to understand the nature of hypothetical thinking of an adolescent and to come to terms with the fact that adolescents can be ego-centric and self-conscious due to their awareness of the imaginary audience. The environment surrounding an adolescent as explained in Bronfenbrenners ecological models greatly influences their cognitive development because how the adolescent thinks and feels about themselves is affected by those around them. Reference List Arnett, J.J., 2014.Adolescence and emerging adulthood. New York, NY, USA: Pearson Education Limited. Berk, L.E. and Meyers, A.B., 2015.Infants, children, and adolescents. Pearson. Crain, W., 2015.Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Psychology Press.Heckhausen, J. and Schulz, R., 2015. A life-span theory of control.Psychological review,102(2), p.284. Labouvie-Vief, G., 2015. CognitiveEmotional Development from Adolescence to Adulthood. InIntegrating Emotions and Cognition throughout the Lifespan(pp. 89-116). Springer International Publishing. Larson, R.W., Lampkins-Uthando, S. and Armstrong, J., 2014. Adolescents' development of new skills for prospective cognition: Learning to anticipate, plan, and think strategically.Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology,13(2), pp.232-244. Mahoney, J.W., 2015.The development of mental toughness in adolescents: utilising established theories(Doctoral dissertation, The University of Birmingham). Rosa, E.M. and Tudge, J., 2013. Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory of human development: Its evolution from ecology to bioecology.Journal of Family Theory Review,5(4), pp.243-258. Shaffer, D.R. and Kipp, K., 2013.Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Cengage Learning. Weil, L.G., Fleming, S.M., Dumontheil, I., Kilford, E.J., Weil, R.S., Rees, G., Dolan, R.J. and Blakemore, S.J., 2013. The development of metacognitive ability in adolescence.Consciousness and Cognition,22(1), pp.264-271.